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Abstract
This work aimed to study the effect of two fertilizers agents of Trichoderma harzianum and nitrogen fertilizer on the gene expression related to cytokinin in tomato leaves. It was conducted in the College of Agriculture, Wasit University, Iraq. Treatments include the control group (T1) without any treatment, 100kg N(nitrogen fertilizer)/h-1 (T2), 160 kg N.h-1 (T3), 20kg N.h-1 (T4), 0kg N/h-1 with 100g of T. harzianum (T5), 100kg N.h-1 with 100g of T. harzianum (T6), 160kg N.h-1 with 100g of T. harzianum (T7) and, 200kg N.h-1 with 100g of T. harzianum (T8). An experiment was carried out by planting tomato seeds in pots under growth chamber conditions to assess the expression of genes associated with cytokinin up-regulation and stimulation. The plants were treated with the above fertilizer agents after 12 and 27 days of seedlings, and sampled 72 hours later. The results showed that all the treatments up-regulator the expression of SlRRA1 and SlHK4 genes in tomato leaves and enhance cytokinin activity and T6 was superior in promoting the expression. The expression of SIRRA1 and SIHK4 genes in cytokinin expression of tomato leaves were affected when treated with two fertilizers agents of T. harzianum and nitrogen fertilizer after 15 and 30 dpi.
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The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
References
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- Argyros, R.D.; Mathews, D.E.; Chiang, Y.-H.; Palmer, C.M.; Thibault, D.M.; Etheridge, N.; Argyros, D.A.; Mason, M.G.; Kieber, J.J. & Schaller, G.E. 2008. Type B response regulators of Arabidopsis play key roles in cytokinin signaling and plant development. The Plant Cell 20(8): 2102–2116.
- Arkhipov, D.V.; Lomin, S.N.; Myakushina, Y.A.; Savelieva, E.M.; Osolodkin, D.I. & Romanov, G.A. 2019. Modeling of protein–protein interactions in cytokinin signal transduction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(9): 2096.
- Burr, C.A.; Sun, J.; Yamburenko, M.V.; Willoughby, A.; Hodgens, C.; Boeshore, S.L.; Elmore, A.; Atkinson, J.; Nimchuk, Z.L. & Bishopp, A. 2020. The HK5 and HK6 cytokinin receptors mediate diverse developmental pathways in rice. Development 147(20): dev191734.
- Contreras-Cornejo, H. A., Macías-Rodríguez, L., del-Val, E. & Larsen, J. 2018. The root endophytic fungus Trichoderma atroviride induces foliar herbivory resistance in maize plants. Applied Soil Ecology 124: 45-53.
- Dubey, S.C.; Suresh, M., Singh, B. 2007. Evaluation of Trichoderma species against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris for integrated management of chickpea wilt. Biological Control 40(1): 118-127.
- He, Y.; Liu, X.; Ye, L.; Pan, C.; Chen, L.; Zou, T. & Lu, G. 2016. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of two-component system genes in tomato. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17(8): 1204.
- Ishida, K.; Yamashino, T.; Yokoyama, A. & Mizuno, T. 2008. Three type-B response regulators, ARR1, ARR10 and ARR12, play essential but redundant roles in cytokinin signal transduction throughout the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant and Cell Physiology 49(1): 47-57.
- Kieber, J.J. & Schaller, G.E. 2018. Cytokinin signaling in plant development. Development 145(4): dev149344.
- Lomin, S.N.; Myakushina, Y.A.; Kolachevskaya, O.O.; Getman, I.A.; Arkhipov, D.V.; Savelieva, E. M. & Romanov, G.A. 2018. Cytokinin perception in potato: new features of canonical players. Journal of Experimental Botany 69(16): 3839-3853.
- Moya, P.; Barrera, V.; Cipollone, J.; Bedoya, C.; Kohan, L.; Toledo, A. & Sisterna, M. 2020. New isolates of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol and plant growth–promoting agents in the pathosystem Pyrenophora teres-barley in Argentina. Biological Control 141: 104152.
- Sakakibara, H. 2006. Cytokinins: activity, biosynthesis, and translocation. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57: 431-449.
- Shi, X.; Gupta, S.; Lindquist, I.E.; Cameron, C.T.; Mudge, J. & Rashotte, A.M. 2013. Transcriptome analysis of cytokinin response in tomato leaves. PLoS One 8(1): e55090.
- Tesfay, T.; Berhane, A. & Gebremariam, M. 2019. Optimizing irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer levels for tomato production. The Open Agriculture Journal 13(1): 198-206.
- Zhang, L.; Niaz, S. I., Wang, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Lin, Y.; Li, J. & Liu, L. 2018. α-Glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic botryorhodines from mangrove endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. 307. Natural Product Research 32(24): 2887-2892.
References
Alkooranee, J.T.; Aledan, T.R.; Ali, A.K.; Lu, G.; Zhang, X.; Wu, J.; Fu, C. & Li, M. 2017. Detecting the hormonal pathways in oilseed rape behind induced systemic resistance by Trichoderma harzianum TH12 to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLoS One 12(1): e0168850.
Argyros, R.D.; Mathews, D.E.; Chiang, Y.-H.; Palmer, C.M.; Thibault, D.M.; Etheridge, N.; Argyros, D.A.; Mason, M.G.; Kieber, J.J. & Schaller, G.E. 2008. Type B response regulators of Arabidopsis play key roles in cytokinin signaling and plant development. The Plant Cell 20(8): 2102–2116.
Arkhipov, D.V.; Lomin, S.N.; Myakushina, Y.A.; Savelieva, E.M.; Osolodkin, D.I. & Romanov, G.A. 2019. Modeling of protein–protein interactions in cytokinin signal transduction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(9): 2096.
Burr, C.A.; Sun, J.; Yamburenko, M.V.; Willoughby, A.; Hodgens, C.; Boeshore, S.L.; Elmore, A.; Atkinson, J.; Nimchuk, Z.L. & Bishopp, A. 2020. The HK5 and HK6 cytokinin receptors mediate diverse developmental pathways in rice. Development 147(20): dev191734.
Contreras-Cornejo, H. A., Macías-Rodríguez, L., del-Val, E. & Larsen, J. 2018. The root endophytic fungus Trichoderma atroviride induces foliar herbivory resistance in maize plants. Applied Soil Ecology 124: 45-53.
Dubey, S.C.; Suresh, M., Singh, B. 2007. Evaluation of Trichoderma species against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris for integrated management of chickpea wilt. Biological Control 40(1): 118-127.
He, Y.; Liu, X.; Ye, L.; Pan, C.; Chen, L.; Zou, T. & Lu, G. 2016. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of two-component system genes in tomato. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17(8): 1204.
Ishida, K.; Yamashino, T.; Yokoyama, A. & Mizuno, T. 2008. Three type-B response regulators, ARR1, ARR10 and ARR12, play essential but redundant roles in cytokinin signal transduction throughout the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant and Cell Physiology 49(1): 47-57.
Kieber, J.J. & Schaller, G.E. 2018. Cytokinin signaling in plant development. Development 145(4): dev149344.
Lomin, S.N.; Myakushina, Y.A.; Kolachevskaya, O.O.; Getman, I.A.; Arkhipov, D.V.; Savelieva, E. M. & Romanov, G.A. 2018. Cytokinin perception in potato: new features of canonical players. Journal of Experimental Botany 69(16): 3839-3853.
Moya, P.; Barrera, V.; Cipollone, J.; Bedoya, C.; Kohan, L.; Toledo, A. & Sisterna, M. 2020. New isolates of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol and plant growth–promoting agents in the pathosystem Pyrenophora teres-barley in Argentina. Biological Control 141: 104152.
Sakakibara, H. 2006. Cytokinins: activity, biosynthesis, and translocation. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57: 431-449.
Shi, X.; Gupta, S.; Lindquist, I.E.; Cameron, C.T.; Mudge, J. & Rashotte, A.M. 2013. Transcriptome analysis of cytokinin response in tomato leaves. PLoS One 8(1): e55090.
Tesfay, T.; Berhane, A. & Gebremariam, M. 2019. Optimizing irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer levels for tomato production. The Open Agriculture Journal 13(1): 198-206.
Zhang, L.; Niaz, S. I., Wang, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Lin, Y.; Li, J. & Liu, L. 2018. α-Glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic botryorhodines from mangrove endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. 307. Natural Product Research 32(24): 2887-2892.