Main Article Content
Abstract
Water pollution may have a significant and negative impact on aquaculture because of heavy metal accumulation. This study aimed to determine the concentrations of heavy metals copper, cadmium, cobalt, iron, manganese, and nickel in the muscles of three cultured fish species viz. Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in Basrah as well as in water and sediments. Between November 2020 and October 2021, the fish with an average length of 30.5cm and a weight of 379.5g were collected. Based on the results, the maximum concentrations of Fe, Ni, and Cu in common carp were 50, 19, and 10μg/g dry weight in November and December, respectively, while the lowest of Cd, Co, Cu, and Mn were non-sensitive in April. The greatest concentrations of Fe, Ni, and Cu in grass carp were also recorded, 35, 24, 11μg/g dry weight, respectively, in September and October, and the lowest Cd was in April at 1μg/g dry weight. The highest concentrations 53, and 27μg/g dry weight of Fe and Ni in silver carp were found in April, and the lowest in September and October. The heavy metals concentration levels in water varied for Co at 1.13 μg/g dry weight, in July and August for Fe and Ni at 28.87, and 14.93μg/l, respectively. The lowest concentrations were recorded in March for Cd and Mn 0.83, and 0.42μg/L, respectively, whereas Co was non-sensitive. Mn in sediments were highest in December and February at 209.0μg/g dry weight, whereas Cu was lowest in September and October at 21.46μg/g dry weight. The highest levels of heavy metal concentrations in the studied fishes were greater than the internationally permitted limits.
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The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
References
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Al-Saad, H.T. & Al-Najare, G.A. 2010. Estimation concentration of heavy metals in water, sediments and Aspius vorax fish, catching in southern Iraq marshes. Proceeding of the 3rd scientific conference for environmental pollution in Iraq. Iraq Environmental Protection Association 3(1): 1-14.
Al-Tai, M.M.S. 1999. Some trace elements in the water, sediments, fish and plants of the Shatt al-Hilla River. Ph.D. thesis. College of Science, University of Babylon. 129 p.
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Habib, S.B.; Hossain, M.B.; Hossain, M.S.; Jolly, Y.N. & Sarker, S. 2021. Ecological risk evaluation in bottom-surface sediments and sub-surface water in the subtropical Meghna estuarine system. Heliyon 7(11): e08324
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Mojoudi, N.; Mojoudi, F. & Kafilzadeh, F. 2013. Investigate of accumulation the heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Zn in liver and muscle tissues Capoeta trutta fish from Dez River, southwest Iran. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) 3(8): 325-331.
Mucha, A.P.; Vasconcelos M.T. & Bordalo, A.A. 2005. Spatial and seasonal variations of macrobenthic communities and metal concentration in Douro estuary (Portugal). Marine Environmental Research 60(5): 531-50.
Nasir, N.A. & Al-Najar, G.A. 2015. Seasonal variations of heavy metal concentrations in tissues of Talang Queenfish (Scomberoides commersonianus) from Iraqi marine and coastal waters, Northwestern Arabian Gulf. Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Science 30(2): 112-123.
Obasohan, E.E.; Oronsaye, J.A.O. & Eguavoen, O.I. 2007. Determination of post-dredging concentrations of selected trace metals in water, sediments and the freshwater mudfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Ikpoba River in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 6: 470-474.
Power, M.; At trill, M.J. & Thomas, R.M. 2000. Environmental factors and interactions affecting the temporal abundance of juvenile flatfish in the Thames Estuary. Journal of Sea Research 43(1):135-149.
Qian, Y.; Cheng, C.; Feng, H.; Hong, Z.; Zhu, Q.; Kolencík, M. & Chang, X. 2020. Assessment of metal mobility in sediment, commercial fish accumulation and impact on human health risk in a large shallow plateau lake in southwest of China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 194: 110346.
ROPME. 2010. Manual of Oceanographic Observation and Pollution Analyses Methods. ROPME/ P.O Box 16388. Blzusafa, Kuwait.
Rubalingeswari, N.; Thulasimala, D.; Giridharan, L.; Gopal, V.; Magesh, N.S. & Jayaprakash, M. 2021. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment, and tissues of major fisheries from Adyar estuary, southeast coast of India: an ecotoxicological impact of a metropolitan city. Marine Pollution Bulletin 163: 111964.
Saleh, J.H. 1997. The biology and stock assessment of Liza carinata (Val., 1836) and Liza subviridis in the Northwest Gulf/Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. 74 p.
Swami, K.; Judd, C.D.; Orsini, J.; Yang, K.X. & Husain, L. 2001. Microwave assisted digestion of atmospheric aerosol samples followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry determination of trace elements. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 369(1): 63-70.
Töre, Y.; Ustaoglu, F.; Tepe, Y. & Kalipci, E. 2021. Levels of toxic metals in edible fish species of the Tigris River (Turkey); threat to public health. Ecological Indicators 123: 107361.
Valdelamar-Villegas, J.; Gomez, J.; de la Rosa, J.D. & Olivero-Verbel, J. 2021. Multi-elemental composition and toxicity of bottom sediments from Panama Canal watershed. Ocean and Coastal Management 204: 105459.
Vázquez, O.A. & Rahman, M.S. 2021. An ecotoxicological approach to microplastics on terrestrial and aquatic organisms: A systematic review in assessment, monitoring and biological impact. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 84: 103615.
Wu, M.-L.; Wang, Y.-S.; Sun, C.-C.; Wang, H.; Dong, J.-D.; Yin, J.-P. & Han, S.-H. 2010. Identification of coastal water quality by statistical analysis methods in Daya Bay, South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60: 852-860.
References
Al-Nagar, G.A.; Douabul, A.A. & Al-Noor, S.S. 2020. Water Quality Index (WQI) as an indicator of the East Hammar marsh after sharpe salinity increase during summer 2018. Marsh Bulletin 15(1): 1-11.
Al-Najare, G.A. 2012. Concentration of metals in the fish Liza subviridis from the Iraqi Marine Estimation. Journal of King Abdulaziz University/Marine Sciences 23(1): 129-146.
Al-Saad, H.T. & Al-Najare, G.A. 2010. Estimation concentration of heavy metals in water, sediments and Aspius vorax fish, catching in southern Iraq marshes. Proceeding of the 3rd scientific conference for environmental pollution in Iraq. Iraq Environmental Protection Association 3(1): 1-14.
Al-Tai, M.M.S. 1999. Some trace elements in the water, sediments, fish and plants of the Shatt al-Hilla River. Ph.D. thesis. College of Science, University of Babylon. 129 p.
Bawuro, A.A.; Voegborlo, R.B. & Adimado, A.A. 2018. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of fish in Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018: 1-7.
CCME. 1998. Canadian tissue residue guidelines for the protection of wildlife that consume aquatic biota. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 18 p.
Chai, M.; Li, R.; Gong, Y.; Shen, X. & Yu, L. 2021. Bioaccessibility-corrected health risk of heavy metal exposure via shellfish consumption in coastal region of China. Environmental Pollution 273: 116529.
Danouche, M.; El Ghachtouli, N. & El Arroussi, H. 2021. Phycoremediation mechanisms of heavy metals using living green microalgae: Physicochemical and molecular approaches for enhancing selectivity and removal capacity. Heliyon 7: e07609.
El Bahgy, H.E.K.; Elabd, H. & Elkorashey, R.M. 2021. Heavy metals bioaccumulation in marine cultured fish and its probabilistic health hazard. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28(30): 41431-41438.
FAO (Fisheries and Aquaculture Department). 2009. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2008. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Rome. 176 p.
FAO/WHO. 1984. List of maximum levels recommended for contaminants by the Joint FAO/ WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Second series. CAC/FAL, Rome. 3: 1-8.
FDA. 2001. Fish and Fisheries Products Hazards and Controls Guidance. third ed.; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration.
Fufeyin, P.T. 1994. Heavy metal concentrations in the water, sediment and fish species of Ikpoba Reservior, Benin City. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. 112 p.
Habib, S.B.; Hossain, M.B.; Hossain, M.S.; Jolly, Y.N. & Sarker, S. 2021. Ecological risk evaluation in bottom-surface sediments and sub-surface water in the subtropical Meghna estuarine system. Heliyon 7(11): e08324
Hacisalihoglu, G. 2020. Zinc (Zn): The last nutrient in the alphabet and shedding light on Zn Efficiency for the future of crop production under suboptimal Zn. Plants 9(11): 1471.
Hussein, S.A. & Fahd, K.K. 2008. Monthly variations in concentration of trace elements of waters from Al-Garaf, one of the main branches of Tigris River, A special issue of the research of the Fourth Scientific Conference, Karbala University Scientific Journal pp: 167-175.
Khallaf, E.A.; Authman, M.M.N & Alne-Na-Ei, A.A. 2018. Contamination and ecological hazard assessment of heavy metals in freshwater sediments and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fish muscles in a Nile River Canal in Egypt. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25: 13796-13812.
Lipy, E.P.; Hakim, M.; Mohanta, L.C.; Islam, D.; Lyzu, C.; Roy, D.C.; Jahan, I.; Akhter, S.; Raknuzzaman, M. & Abu Sayed, M. 2021. Assessment of heavy metal concentration in water, sediment and common fish species of Dhaleshwari River in Bangladesh and their health implications. Biological Trace Element Research 199(11): 4295-4307.
MFR (Malaysian Food and Regulations). 1985. In Hamid Ibrahim، Nasser and Yap Thiam Huat. Malaysian law on food and drugs. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Law Publisher.
Mojoudi, N.; Mojoudi, F. & Kafilzadeh, F. 2013. Investigate of accumulation the heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Zn in liver and muscle tissues Capoeta trutta fish from Dez River, southwest Iran. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) 3(8): 325-331.
Mucha, A.P.; Vasconcelos M.T. & Bordalo, A.A. 2005. Spatial and seasonal variations of macrobenthic communities and metal concentration in Douro estuary (Portugal). Marine Environmental Research 60(5): 531-50.
Nasir, N.A. & Al-Najar, G.A. 2015. Seasonal variations of heavy metal concentrations in tissues of Talang Queenfish (Scomberoides commersonianus) from Iraqi marine and coastal waters, Northwestern Arabian Gulf. Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Science 30(2): 112-123.
Obasohan, E.E.; Oronsaye, J.A.O. & Eguavoen, O.I. 2007. Determination of post-dredging concentrations of selected trace metals in water, sediments and the freshwater mudfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Ikpoba River in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 6: 470-474.
Power, M.; At trill, M.J. & Thomas, R.M. 2000. Environmental factors and interactions affecting the temporal abundance of juvenile flatfish in the Thames Estuary. Journal of Sea Research 43(1):135-149.
Qian, Y.; Cheng, C.; Feng, H.; Hong, Z.; Zhu, Q.; Kolencík, M. & Chang, X. 2020. Assessment of metal mobility in sediment, commercial fish accumulation and impact on human health risk in a large shallow plateau lake in southwest of China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 194: 110346.
ROPME. 2010. Manual of Oceanographic Observation and Pollution Analyses Methods. ROPME/ P.O Box 16388. Blzusafa, Kuwait.
Rubalingeswari, N.; Thulasimala, D.; Giridharan, L.; Gopal, V.; Magesh, N.S. & Jayaprakash, M. 2021. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment, and tissues of major fisheries from Adyar estuary, southeast coast of India: an ecotoxicological impact of a metropolitan city. Marine Pollution Bulletin 163: 111964.
Saleh, J.H. 1997. The biology and stock assessment of Liza carinata (Val., 1836) and Liza subviridis in the Northwest Gulf/Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. 74 p.
Swami, K.; Judd, C.D.; Orsini, J.; Yang, K.X. & Husain, L. 2001. Microwave assisted digestion of atmospheric aerosol samples followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry determination of trace elements. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 369(1): 63-70.
Töre, Y.; Ustaoglu, F.; Tepe, Y. & Kalipci, E. 2021. Levels of toxic metals in edible fish species of the Tigris River (Turkey); threat to public health. Ecological Indicators 123: 107361.
Valdelamar-Villegas, J.; Gomez, J.; de la Rosa, J.D. & Olivero-Verbel, J. 2021. Multi-elemental composition and toxicity of bottom sediments from Panama Canal watershed. Ocean and Coastal Management 204: 105459.
Vázquez, O.A. & Rahman, M.S. 2021. An ecotoxicological approach to microplastics on terrestrial and aquatic organisms: A systematic review in assessment, monitoring and biological impact. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 84: 103615.
Wu, M.-L.; Wang, Y.-S.; Sun, C.-C.; Wang, H.; Dong, J.-D.; Yin, J.-P. & Han, S.-H. 2010. Identification of coastal water quality by statistical analysis methods in Daya Bay, South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60: 852-860.