Main Article Content
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the histological and some physiological parameters in male rats with induced hypothyroidism by propylthiouracil (PTU) for 30 and 45 days and the effect of glutamine (Gln) supplementation on thyroid recovery and enhanced its physiological function. The results revealed a highly significant decrease in T4 in rats of the hypothyroid group during 30 and 45 days than the control group (72.23±9.82M mol/L). The treated group with Gln had a significant increase in T4 post 30 and 45 days compared to hypothyroidism and control groups. The results also showed differences in TSH levels in rats as a significant increase in the hypothyroid group for 30 and 45 days with a mean of (15.65±7.01 and 18.85±7.95U UI/ml, respectively). The mean concentration of TSH in rats with hypothyroidism treated with Gln showed a significant decrease compared to the hypothyroidism group. The results also showed a highly significant decrease in iron and ferritin levels in comparison to the control group post 30 and 45 days, with mean ferritin concentrations of 7.56±2.64 and 4.71±1.43ng/ml. The results revealed that iron and Ferritin level of hypothyroid rats treated with Gln was increased compared to the hypothyroidism group. The results of histological examinations in rats with induced hypothyroidism post 30 days showed thyroid follicles with variable size and shapes, lining with simple cuboidal epithelial cells, interfollicular adenomatosis, scanty or mild colloid within follicles lumen, congested blood vessels, inactive follicles have squamous epithelium with vesicular nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasm and moderate depletion of Para follicular cells. Also, severe alternations were observed post 45 days of induction like disintegrated thyroid follicles, shrunken and atrophied, hyperemia, hyperplasia, heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells, and congested large blood vessels. Moreover, the sections of treated with Gln post 30 and 45 days showed regenerated follicles and recovery of normal parenchymal tissue, the follicles grouped as lobules, each follicle lining with simple cuboidal epithelium, and a moderate amount of colloid material.
Keywords
Propylthiouracil, Hypothyroidism, Biochemical parameters, Histology.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
KHAIRALLAH, M., & AL-MALLAK, M. K. (2022). Effect of Glutamine supplementation on histological and some pathophysiological parameters of the male rat with induced hypothyroidism by propylthiouracil (PTU). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9, 309–319. Retrieved from https://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/817
References
-
Akhter, S.; Nahar, Z.U.; Parvin, S.; Alam, A.; Sharmin, S. & Arslan, M.I. 2012. Thyroid status in patients with low serum ferritin level. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Biochemistry 5(1): 5-11.
Bashboosh, N.N. 2017. Correlation between Hypothyroidism and Iron deficiency anemia in female patients. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(7): 80-89
Benvenga, S.; Tuccari, G.; Ieni, A. & Vita, R. 2018. Thyroid Gland : Anatomy and Physiology. In Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases.
Chaulin, A.M.; Grigorieva, J.V.; Suvorova, G.N. & Duplyakov, D.V. 2021. Experimental modeling of hypothyroidism: principles, methods, several advanced research directions in cardiology. Russian Open Medical Journal 10(3): 311.
Cray, C.; Rodriguez, M.; Zaias, J. & Altman, N.H. 2009. Effects of storage temperature and time on clinical biochemical parameters from rat serum. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 48(2): 202-204.
Cruzat, V.; Macedo Rogero, M.; Noel Keane, K.; Curi, R. & Newsholme, P. 2018. Glutamine: metabolism and immune function, supplementation and clinical translation. Nutrients 10(11): 1564.
Delbert, A. 2009. Fisher Rudolphs pediatrics 21th Ed G: The Endocrine system. The Endocrine system the thyroid.
Drury, R.A.V.; Carleton, H.M. & Wallington, E.A. 1967. Carleton's Histological Technique: Rev. and Rewritten by RAB Drury [and] EA Wallington. Oxford University Press.
Gravina, F.S.; Da Silveira, C.K.; De Assis, A.M. Rieger, D.K.; Guerini, C.; Müller, A. P. & Perry, M.L. 2007. Experimental Hypothyroidism Inhibits δ-Aminolevulinate Dehydratase Activity in Neonatal Rat Blood and Liver. Experimental Biology and Medicine 232(8): 1021-1026.
Gurevitz, J.M.; Ceballos, L.A.; Gaspe, M.S.; Alvarado-Otegui, J.A.; Enríquez, G.F.; Kitron, U. & Gürtler, R.E. 2011. Factors affecting infestation by Triatoma infestans in a rural area of the humid Chaco in Argentina: a multi-model inference approach. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5(10): 349.
Khaleghnia, N.; Mohri, M. & Seifi, H.A. 2021. The Effects of Parenteral Iron Administration on Thyroid Hormones, Hematology, Oxidative Stress Characteristics, Performance, and Health in Neonatal Holstein Calves. Biological Trace Element Research 199(5): 1823-1832.
Knovich, M.A.; Storey, J.A.; Coffman, L.G.; Torti, S.V. & Torti, F.M. 2009. Ferritin for the clinician. Blood Reviews 23(3): 95-104.
Li, L.; Meng, Y.; Li, Z.; Dai, W.; Xu, X.; Bi, X. & Bian, J. 2019. Discovery and development of small molecule modulators targeting glutamine metabolism. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 163: 215-242.
Luna, L.G. 1968. Manual of histological staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.3thMcGraw-Hill book Co. London. Pathology. Toxicology 4: 183-196.
Piantanida, E.; Ippolito, S.; Gallo, D.; Masiello, E.; Premoli, P.; Cusini, C. & Tanda, M.L. 2020. The interplay between thyroid and liver: implications for clinical practice. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 43(7): 885-899.
Onaolapo, A.Y.; Onaolapo, O.J.; Mosaku, T.J.; Akanji, O.O. & Abiodun, O. 2013. A histological study of the hepatic and renal effects of subchronic low dose oral monosodium glutamate in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 294-306.
Sewan, A.N.; Ibrahim, M.K. & Sawad, A. 2017. Biochemical and ultra-structural aspects on effect of induced hypothyroidism in pregnant rats and fetus. Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research 16(1): 187-206.
Schumann, G.; Canalias, F.; Joergensen, P.J.; Kang, D.; Lessinger, J.M. & Klauke, R. 2010. IFCC reference procedures for measurement of the catalytic concentrations of enzymes: corrigendum, notes and useful advice. Clinical chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 48(5): 615-621.
Starchl, C.; Scherkl, M. & Amrein, K. 2021. Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron. Nutrients 13(6): 1755.
McPhee, S.J.; Papadakis, M.A. & Rabow, M.W. 2010. Current medical diagnosis & treatment 2010. New York, McGraw-Hill Medical.
Sahana, K.R. & Kruthi, B.N. 2020. Correlation of Serum Ferritin and Thyroid Hormone Status among Hypothyroidism. International Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry 16(1): 51-57.
Tietz, N.W.; Pruden, E.L. & Fuhrman, S.A. 1995. Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests. Saunders.456 p.
Tietz, N.W. 1999. Text book of clinical chemistry, CA Burtis, ER Ashwood. WB Saunders 652: 1431.
Theil, E.C. 2013. Ferritin: the protein nanocage and iron biomineral in health and in disease. Inorganic Chemistry 52(21): 12223-12233.
Udgata, J.R. & Naik, S.N. 2007. Soybean isoflavones: Remedial nutraceuticals in Indian perspective. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 66: 11-18.
Underwood, J.C. & Cross, S.S. 2009. General and Systematic Pathology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 860 p.
Wahlin, Å.; Wahlin, T.B.R.; Small, B.J. & Backman, L. 1998. Influences of thyroid stimulating hormone on cognitive functioning in very old age. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 53(4): 234-239.
Woeber, K.A. 2000. Update on the Management of Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism. Archives of Family Medicine 9(8): 743.
Yadav, R.K.; Ahmad, M.; Mathur, M.K. & Dhingra, V. 2019. Study of prevalence and types of anemia in primary hypothyroidism. International Journal of Advances in Medicine International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6(5): 1574-1579.
Yildirim, D.; Alis, D.; Bakir, A.; Ustabasioglu, F.E.; Samanci, C. & Colakoglu, B. 2017. Evaluation of parenchymal thyroid diseases with multiparametric ultrasonography. Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging 27(04): 463-469.
Zimmermann, M.B. 2006. The influence of iron status on iodine utilization and thyroid function. Annual Review of Nutrition 26: 367-389.
References
Akhter, S.; Nahar, Z.U.; Parvin, S.; Alam, A.; Sharmin, S. & Arslan, M.I. 2012. Thyroid status in patients with low serum ferritin level. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Biochemistry 5(1): 5-11.
Bashboosh, N.N. 2017. Correlation between Hypothyroidism and Iron deficiency anemia in female patients. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(7): 80-89
Benvenga, S.; Tuccari, G.; Ieni, A. & Vita, R. 2018. Thyroid Gland : Anatomy and Physiology. In Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases.
Chaulin, A.M.; Grigorieva, J.V.; Suvorova, G.N. & Duplyakov, D.V. 2021. Experimental modeling of hypothyroidism: principles, methods, several advanced research directions in cardiology. Russian Open Medical Journal 10(3): 311.
Cray, C.; Rodriguez, M.; Zaias, J. & Altman, N.H. 2009. Effects of storage temperature and time on clinical biochemical parameters from rat serum. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 48(2): 202-204.
Cruzat, V.; Macedo Rogero, M.; Noel Keane, K.; Curi, R. & Newsholme, P. 2018. Glutamine: metabolism and immune function, supplementation and clinical translation. Nutrients 10(11): 1564.
Delbert, A. 2009. Fisher Rudolphs pediatrics 21th Ed G: The Endocrine system. The Endocrine system the thyroid.
Drury, R.A.V.; Carleton, H.M. & Wallington, E.A. 1967. Carleton's Histological Technique: Rev. and Rewritten by RAB Drury [and] EA Wallington. Oxford University Press.
Gravina, F.S.; Da Silveira, C.K.; De Assis, A.M. Rieger, D.K.; Guerini, C.; Müller, A. P. & Perry, M.L. 2007. Experimental Hypothyroidism Inhibits δ-Aminolevulinate Dehydratase Activity in Neonatal Rat Blood and Liver. Experimental Biology and Medicine 232(8): 1021-1026.
Gurevitz, J.M.; Ceballos, L.A.; Gaspe, M.S.; Alvarado-Otegui, J.A.; Enríquez, G.F.; Kitron, U. & Gürtler, R.E. 2011. Factors affecting infestation by Triatoma infestans in a rural area of the humid Chaco in Argentina: a multi-model inference approach. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5(10): 349.
Khaleghnia, N.; Mohri, M. & Seifi, H.A. 2021. The Effects of Parenteral Iron Administration on Thyroid Hormones, Hematology, Oxidative Stress Characteristics, Performance, and Health in Neonatal Holstein Calves. Biological Trace Element Research 199(5): 1823-1832.
Knovich, M.A.; Storey, J.A.; Coffman, L.G.; Torti, S.V. & Torti, F.M. 2009. Ferritin for the clinician. Blood Reviews 23(3): 95-104.
Li, L.; Meng, Y.; Li, Z.; Dai, W.; Xu, X.; Bi, X. & Bian, J. 2019. Discovery and development of small molecule modulators targeting glutamine metabolism. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 163: 215-242.
Luna, L.G. 1968. Manual of histological staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.3thMcGraw-Hill book Co. London. Pathology. Toxicology 4: 183-196.
Piantanida, E.; Ippolito, S.; Gallo, D.; Masiello, E.; Premoli, P.; Cusini, C. & Tanda, M.L. 2020. The interplay between thyroid and liver: implications for clinical practice. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 43(7): 885-899.
Onaolapo, A.Y.; Onaolapo, O.J.; Mosaku, T.J.; Akanji, O.O. & Abiodun, O. 2013. A histological study of the hepatic and renal effects of subchronic low dose oral monosodium glutamate in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 294-306.
Sewan, A.N.; Ibrahim, M.K. & Sawad, A. 2017. Biochemical and ultra-structural aspects on effect of induced hypothyroidism in pregnant rats and fetus. Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research 16(1): 187-206.
Schumann, G.; Canalias, F.; Joergensen, P.J.; Kang, D.; Lessinger, J.M. & Klauke, R. 2010. IFCC reference procedures for measurement of the catalytic concentrations of enzymes: corrigendum, notes and useful advice. Clinical chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 48(5): 615-621.
Starchl, C.; Scherkl, M. & Amrein, K. 2021. Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron. Nutrients 13(6): 1755.
McPhee, S.J.; Papadakis, M.A. & Rabow, M.W. 2010. Current medical diagnosis & treatment 2010. New York, McGraw-Hill Medical.
Sahana, K.R. & Kruthi, B.N. 2020. Correlation of Serum Ferritin and Thyroid Hormone Status among Hypothyroidism. International Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry 16(1): 51-57.
Tietz, N.W.; Pruden, E.L. & Fuhrman, S.A. 1995. Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests. Saunders.456 p.
Tietz, N.W. 1999. Text book of clinical chemistry, CA Burtis, ER Ashwood. WB Saunders 652: 1431.
Theil, E.C. 2013. Ferritin: the protein nanocage and iron biomineral in health and in disease. Inorganic Chemistry 52(21): 12223-12233.
Udgata, J.R. & Naik, S.N. 2007. Soybean isoflavones: Remedial nutraceuticals in Indian perspective. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 66: 11-18.
Underwood, J.C. & Cross, S.S. 2009. General and Systematic Pathology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 860 p.
Wahlin, Å.; Wahlin, T.B.R.; Small, B.J. & Backman, L. 1998. Influences of thyroid stimulating hormone on cognitive functioning in very old age. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 53(4): 234-239.
Woeber, K.A. 2000. Update on the Management of Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism. Archives of Family Medicine 9(8): 743.
Yadav, R.K.; Ahmad, M.; Mathur, M.K. & Dhingra, V. 2019. Study of prevalence and types of anemia in primary hypothyroidism. International Journal of Advances in Medicine International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6(5): 1574-1579.
Yildirim, D.; Alis, D.; Bakir, A.; Ustabasioglu, F.E.; Samanci, C. & Colakoglu, B. 2017. Evaluation of parenchymal thyroid diseases with multiparametric ultrasonography. Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging 27(04): 463-469.
Zimmermann, M.B. 2006. The influence of iron status on iodine utilization and thyroid function. Annual Review of Nutrition 26: 367-389.
Bashboosh, N.N. 2017. Correlation between Hypothyroidism and Iron deficiency anemia in female patients. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(7): 80-89
Benvenga, S.; Tuccari, G.; Ieni, A. & Vita, R. 2018. Thyroid Gland : Anatomy and Physiology. In Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases.
Chaulin, A.M.; Grigorieva, J.V.; Suvorova, G.N. & Duplyakov, D.V. 2021. Experimental modeling of hypothyroidism: principles, methods, several advanced research directions in cardiology. Russian Open Medical Journal 10(3): 311.
Cray, C.; Rodriguez, M.; Zaias, J. & Altman, N.H. 2009. Effects of storage temperature and time on clinical biochemical parameters from rat serum. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 48(2): 202-204.
Cruzat, V.; Macedo Rogero, M.; Noel Keane, K.; Curi, R. & Newsholme, P. 2018. Glutamine: metabolism and immune function, supplementation and clinical translation. Nutrients 10(11): 1564.
Delbert, A. 2009. Fisher Rudolphs pediatrics 21th Ed G: The Endocrine system. The Endocrine system the thyroid.
Drury, R.A.V.; Carleton, H.M. & Wallington, E.A. 1967. Carleton's Histological Technique: Rev. and Rewritten by RAB Drury [and] EA Wallington. Oxford University Press.
Gravina, F.S.; Da Silveira, C.K.; De Assis, A.M. Rieger, D.K.; Guerini, C.; Müller, A. P. & Perry, M.L. 2007. Experimental Hypothyroidism Inhibits δ-Aminolevulinate Dehydratase Activity in Neonatal Rat Blood and Liver. Experimental Biology and Medicine 232(8): 1021-1026.
Gurevitz, J.M.; Ceballos, L.A.; Gaspe, M.S.; Alvarado-Otegui, J.A.; Enríquez, G.F.; Kitron, U. & Gürtler, R.E. 2011. Factors affecting infestation by Triatoma infestans in a rural area of the humid Chaco in Argentina: a multi-model inference approach. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5(10): 349.
Khaleghnia, N.; Mohri, M. & Seifi, H.A. 2021. The Effects of Parenteral Iron Administration on Thyroid Hormones, Hematology, Oxidative Stress Characteristics, Performance, and Health in Neonatal Holstein Calves. Biological Trace Element Research 199(5): 1823-1832.
Knovich, M.A.; Storey, J.A.; Coffman, L.G.; Torti, S.V. & Torti, F.M. 2009. Ferritin for the clinician. Blood Reviews 23(3): 95-104.
Li, L.; Meng, Y.; Li, Z.; Dai, W.; Xu, X.; Bi, X. & Bian, J. 2019. Discovery and development of small molecule modulators targeting glutamine metabolism. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 163: 215-242.
Luna, L.G. 1968. Manual of histological staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.3thMcGraw-Hill book Co. London. Pathology. Toxicology 4: 183-196.
Piantanida, E.; Ippolito, S.; Gallo, D.; Masiello, E.; Premoli, P.; Cusini, C. & Tanda, M.L. 2020. The interplay between thyroid and liver: implications for clinical practice. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 43(7): 885-899.
Onaolapo, A.Y.; Onaolapo, O.J.; Mosaku, T.J.; Akanji, O.O. & Abiodun, O. 2013. A histological study of the hepatic and renal effects of subchronic low dose oral monosodium glutamate in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 294-306.
Sewan, A.N.; Ibrahim, M.K. & Sawad, A. 2017. Biochemical and ultra-structural aspects on effect of induced hypothyroidism in pregnant rats and fetus. Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research 16(1): 187-206.
Schumann, G.; Canalias, F.; Joergensen, P.J.; Kang, D.; Lessinger, J.M. & Klauke, R. 2010. IFCC reference procedures for measurement of the catalytic concentrations of enzymes: corrigendum, notes and useful advice. Clinical chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 48(5): 615-621.
Starchl, C.; Scherkl, M. & Amrein, K. 2021. Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron. Nutrients 13(6): 1755.
McPhee, S.J.; Papadakis, M.A. & Rabow, M.W. 2010. Current medical diagnosis & treatment 2010. New York, McGraw-Hill Medical.
Sahana, K.R. & Kruthi, B.N. 2020. Correlation of Serum Ferritin and Thyroid Hormone Status among Hypothyroidism. International Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry 16(1): 51-57.
Tietz, N.W.; Pruden, E.L. & Fuhrman, S.A. 1995. Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests. Saunders.456 p.
Tietz, N.W. 1999. Text book of clinical chemistry, CA Burtis, ER Ashwood. WB Saunders 652: 1431.
Theil, E.C. 2013. Ferritin: the protein nanocage and iron biomineral in health and in disease. Inorganic Chemistry 52(21): 12223-12233.
Udgata, J.R. & Naik, S.N. 2007. Soybean isoflavones: Remedial nutraceuticals in Indian perspective. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 66: 11-18.
Underwood, J.C. & Cross, S.S. 2009. General and Systematic Pathology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 860 p.
Wahlin, Å.; Wahlin, T.B.R.; Small, B.J. & Backman, L. 1998. Influences of thyroid stimulating hormone on cognitive functioning in very old age. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 53(4): 234-239.
Woeber, K.A. 2000. Update on the Management of Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism. Archives of Family Medicine 9(8): 743.
Yadav, R.K.; Ahmad, M.; Mathur, M.K. & Dhingra, V. 2019. Study of prevalence and types of anemia in primary hypothyroidism. International Journal of Advances in Medicine International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6(5): 1574-1579.
Yildirim, D.; Alis, D.; Bakir, A.; Ustabasioglu, F.E.; Samanci, C. & Colakoglu, B. 2017. Evaluation of parenchymal thyroid diseases with multiparametric ultrasonography. Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging 27(04): 463-469.
Zimmermann, M.B. 2006. The influence of iron status on iodine utilization and thyroid function. Annual Review of Nutrition 26: 367-389.