Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of stocking density and supplementation of potato peel (Solanum tuberosum L.) powder and extract on Japanese quail's physiological and immunological performance. A total of 810 quail chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments and two stocking densities in a complete randomized design with a 6×2 factorial scheme. The quail were kept with a stocking density of 333cm2/birds (15 birds/replicate), and 167cm2/birds (30 birds/replicate). The first treatment served as a control diet without supplementation (T1). T2 and T3 were supplemented with potato peel extract (PPE) at 15, and 30ml/l in drinking water; T4, T5 with 15, and 30g/kg potato peel powder (PPP) in basal diet, and T6 with PPE at 15m/l+PPP at 15g/kg. A significant improvement in WBC (T2 and T6), total protein and globulin, and a significant decrease in relative weight of spleen in T3 and T6, bursa of fabricus and bursa index in all treatments, albumin in T2 and T3, glucose, and cholesterol were observed compared to control. Immune response, and value of antibodies titer against Newcastle and Gumboro disease were significantly better than control. In conclusion, the supplementation of PPE, PPP and their mixture showed the best physiological and immune response. Furthermore, the low density performed better in most studied traits.
Keywords
Quail, Potato peel powder and extract, Biochemical parameters, Immunity.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
MUTTER, Z. A., & ABBAS, R. J. (2021). Effect of stocking density and supplementation of potato peel (Solanum tuberosum L.) powder and extract on the physiological and immunological performance of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9, 282–290. Retrieved from https://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/809
References
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A.O.A.C. 2016. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International George W., & Latimer, Jr. (Eds.), 20th ed Rockville, Maryland 20850-3250, 3172 p.
Abbas, R.J.; Al-Salhie, K.C.K. & Al-Hummod, S.K.M. 2017. The effect of using different levels of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder on productive and physiological performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Livestock Research for Rural Development 29.
Alansari, B.M. 2020. Development of Antioxidant Activity of Potato Starch Edible Films Incorporate with Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. Oil and Used it in Packaging Beef Pattis. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 33(2): 67-79.
Al-Benna, S.; Hamilton, C.A.; Mcclure, J.D.; Rogers, P.N.; Berg, G.A.; Ford, I.; Delles, C. & Dominiczak, A.F. 2006. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol determines oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in saphenous veins from patients with coronary artery disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 26(1): 218-223.
Al-Salhie, K.C.K. & Al-Waeli, A.M. 2019. The effect of using different levels of red ginseng roots powder on some physiological characteristics of Japanese quail males (Coturnix japonica). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32(1): 34-38.
Althawab, S.A.; Mousa, H.M.; El-Zahar, K.M. & Zaher, A.M.A. 2019. Protective effect of sweet potato peel against oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic Albino rats. Food and Nutrition Sciences 10: 503-516.
Al-Weshahy, A. & Rao, V.A. 2009. Isolation and characterization of functional components from peel samples of six potatoes varieties growing in Ontario. Food Research International 42: 1062-1066.
Al-Weshahy, A.; El-Nokety, M.; Bakhete, M. & Rao, V.A. 2013. Effect of storage on antioxidant activity of freeze-dried potato peels. Food Research International 50: 507-512.
Andre, C.; Legay, S.; Iammarino, C.; Ziebel, J.; Guignard, C.; Larondelle, Y.; Hausman, J.; Evers, D. & Miranda, L. 2014.The potato in the human diet: A complex matrix with potential health benefits. Potato Research 57: 201-214.
Arun, K.; Chandran, J.; Dhanya, R.; Krishna, P.; Jayamurthy, P. & Nisha, P.A. 2015. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of peel from young and matured potato. Food Biosciences 9: 36-46.
Baéza, E.; Arnould, C.; Jlali, M.; Chartrin, P.; Gigaud, V.; Mercerand, F.; Durand, C.; Méteau, K.; Le Bihan-Duval, E. & Berri, C. 2012. Influence of increasing slaughter age of chickens on meat quality, welfare, and technical and economic results. Journal of Animal Science 90(6): 2003-2013,
Beloor, J.; Kang, H.K.; Kim, Y.J.; Subramani, V.K.; Jang, I.S., Sohn, S.H. & Moon, Y.S. 2010.The effect of stocking density on stress related genes and telomeric Length in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal Animal Science 23: 437-443.
Berg, C. & Yngvesson, J. 2012. Optimal stocking density for broilers-optimal for whom? World’s Poultry Congress. pp. 5-9. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
Carocho, M.; Morales, P. & Ferreira, I.C.F.R. 2018. Antioxidants: reviewing the chemistry, food applications, legislation and role as preservatives. Trends in Food Science and Technology 71: 107-120.
Deusser, H.; Guignard, C.; Hoffmann, L. & Evers, D. 2012. Polyphenol and glycoalkaloid contents in potato cultivars grown in Luxembourg. Food Chemistry 135(4): 2814-2824.
Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range test and F-test. Biometrics 11: 1-42.
Ezekiel, R.; Singh, N.; Sharma, S. & Kaur, A. 2013. Beneficial phytochemicals in potato-A review. Food Research International 50: 487-496.
Gebrechristos, H.Y., Ma, X.; Xiao, F.; He, Y.; Zheng, S.; Oyungere, G. & Chen, W. 2020. Potato peel extracts as an antimicrobial and potential antioxidant in active edible film. Food Science and Nutrition. Food Science & Nutrition 8: 6338-6345.
Gharaghani, H.; Shariatmadari, F. & Torshizi, M.A. 2015. Effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) used as a feed additive on the egg quality of laying hens under heat stress. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola 17: 199-208.
Gholami, M.; Chamani, M.; Seidavi, A.; Sadeghi, A.A. & Aminafschar, M. 2020. Effects of stocking density and environmental conditions on performance, immunity, carcase characteristics, blood constitutes, and economical parameters of Cobb 500 strain broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 19(1): 524-535.
Houshmand, M.; Azhar, K.; Zulkifli, I.; Bejo, M. & Kamyab, A. 2012. Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers. Poultry Science 91: 393-401.
Javed, A.; Ahmad, A.; Tahir, A.; Shabbir, U.; Nouman, M. & Hameed, A. 2019. Potato peel waste-its nutraceutical, industrial and biotechnological applications. Agriculture and Food 4(3): 807-823.
Kim, O-K.; Nam, D-E.; Yoon, H-G.; Baek, S.J.; Jun, W. & Lee, J. 2015. Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of purple sweet potato extract in LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus-induced murine acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Journal of Medicinal Food 18: 882-889.
Kpanja, E.J.; Duru, S., Kotso, J. & Gonjoh, P.T. 2020. Effect of diets containing graded levels of Irish potato peel meal (IPPM) on carcass quality, haematological and blood biochemical profile of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science 22(3): 242-249
Kryeziu, A.J.; Mestani, N.; Berisha, S. & Kamberi, M.A. 2018. The European performance indicators of broiler chickens as influenced by stocking density and sex. Agronomy Research 16(2): 483-491
Liang, S. & Armmando, G. 2014. Chemical and thermal characterization of potato peel waste and its fermentation residue as potential resources for biofuel and bioproducts production. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62: 8421-8429.
Liang, S. & Armmando, G. 2015. Anaerobic digestion of pre-fermented potato peel wastes for methane production. Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management Journal 46: 197-200.
Majid, G.; Mohammad, C.; Alireza, S.; Ali, A.S. & Mehdi, A. 2020. Effects of stocking density and environmental conditions on performance, immunity, carcase characteristics, blood constitutes, and economical parameters of Cobb 500 strain broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 19: 524-535.
Mohammed, G.; Igwebuike, J.U.; Adamu, B.S.; Ashiekh, L.G.; Garba, S.S. & d Kolo, U.M. 2015. Effect of Dietary replacement of maize with Yam and Irish potato peel meals on the growth and economic performance of growing rabbits. Biokemistri. An International Journal of the Nigerian Society for Experimental Biology 27(2): 106-110.
Mohdaly, A.A.A.; Sarhan, M.A.; Smetanska, I. & Mahmoud, A. 2010. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of potato peel, sugar beet pulp and sesame cake. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90: 218-226.
Nasoetion, M.H.; Atmomarsono, U.; Sunarti, D. & Suthama, N. 2019. Growth performance and lipid profile of broilers fed different levels of purple sweet potato extract and raised under different stocking densities. Livestock Research for Rural Development 31(7).
National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. National Academy of Science. Washington, D.C. 176 p.
Ong, K.W.; Hsu, A. & Tan, B.K. 2013. Anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic effects of chlorogenic acid are mediated by ampk activation. Biochemical Pharmacology 85(9): 1341-51.
Park, B.S.; Um, K.H.; Park, S.O. & Zammit, V.A. 2018. Effect of stocking density on behavioral traits, blood biochemical parameters and immune responses in meat ducks exposed to heat stress. Archive Animal Breeding 61: 425-432
Pathak Pranav, D.; Mandavgane Sachin, A. & Bhaskar, D. 2015. Fruit peel waste as a novel low-cost bio adsorbent. Reviews in Chemical Engineering 31(4): 361-381.
Pauzenga, U. 1985. Feeding Parent Stock. Zootech International publications. pp: 22-25
Pompeu, M.A.; Cavalcanti L.F.L. & Toral, F.L.B. 2018. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, and immune response of male broiler chickens: A meta-analysis. Livestock Science 208: 5-13.
Prasad, A.G.D. & Pushpa H.N. 2007. Antimicrobial activity of potato peel waste. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 9: 559-561.
Qaid, M.; Albatshan, H.; Shafey, T.; Hussein, E. & Abudabos, A.M. 2016. Effect of Stocking Density on the Performance and Immunity of 1- to 14-d- Old Broiler Chicks. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 18(04).
Raphael, J.W.; Ojinnaka, P.E.; Tarimbuka, L.I.; Iliya, D.S. & Shehu, I.I. 2017. Growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken fed graded levels of sun-dried Irish potato peel meal. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5(5): 525-529.
Sabeena Farvin, K.H.; Grejsen, H.D. & Jacobsen, C. 2012. Potato peel extract as a natural antioxidant in chilled storage of minced horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus): Effect on lipid and protein oxidation. Food Chemistry 131: 843-851.
Smetanskaa, I. 2010. Antioxidant efficacy of potato peels and sugar beet pulp extracts in vegetable oils protection. Food Chemistry 123: 1019-1026.
Wang, S.; Nie, S. & Zhu, F. 2016. Chemical constituents and health effects of sweet potato. Food Research International 89(1): 90-116.
Xiao, Z.; He, L.; Hou, X.; Wei J.; Ma, X.; Gao, Z.; Yuan, Y.; Xiao, J.; Li, P. & Yue, T. 2021. Relationships between Structure and Antioxidant Capacity and Activity of Glycosylated Flavonols. Foods 10: 849.
References
A.O.A.C. 2016. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International George W., & Latimer, Jr. (Eds.), 20th ed Rockville, Maryland 20850-3250, 3172 p.
Abbas, R.J.; Al-Salhie, K.C.K. & Al-Hummod, S.K.M. 2017. The effect of using different levels of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder on productive and physiological performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Livestock Research for Rural Development 29.
Alansari, B.M. 2020. Development of Antioxidant Activity of Potato Starch Edible Films Incorporate with Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. Oil and Used it in Packaging Beef Pattis. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 33(2): 67-79.
Al-Benna, S.; Hamilton, C.A.; Mcclure, J.D.; Rogers, P.N.; Berg, G.A.; Ford, I.; Delles, C. & Dominiczak, A.F. 2006. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol determines oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in saphenous veins from patients with coronary artery disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 26(1): 218-223.
Al-Salhie, K.C.K. & Al-Waeli, A.M. 2019. The effect of using different levels of red ginseng roots powder on some physiological characteristics of Japanese quail males (Coturnix japonica). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32(1): 34-38.
Althawab, S.A.; Mousa, H.M.; El-Zahar, K.M. & Zaher, A.M.A. 2019. Protective effect of sweet potato peel against oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic Albino rats. Food and Nutrition Sciences 10: 503-516.
Al-Weshahy, A. & Rao, V.A. 2009. Isolation and characterization of functional components from peel samples of six potatoes varieties growing in Ontario. Food Research International 42: 1062-1066.
Al-Weshahy, A.; El-Nokety, M.; Bakhete, M. & Rao, V.A. 2013. Effect of storage on antioxidant activity of freeze-dried potato peels. Food Research International 50: 507-512.
Andre, C.; Legay, S.; Iammarino, C.; Ziebel, J.; Guignard, C.; Larondelle, Y.; Hausman, J.; Evers, D. & Miranda, L. 2014.The potato in the human diet: A complex matrix with potential health benefits. Potato Research 57: 201-214.
Arun, K.; Chandran, J.; Dhanya, R.; Krishna, P.; Jayamurthy, P. & Nisha, P.A. 2015. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of peel from young and matured potato. Food Biosciences 9: 36-46.
Baéza, E.; Arnould, C.; Jlali, M.; Chartrin, P.; Gigaud, V.; Mercerand, F.; Durand, C.; Méteau, K.; Le Bihan-Duval, E. & Berri, C. 2012. Influence of increasing slaughter age of chickens on meat quality, welfare, and technical and economic results. Journal of Animal Science 90(6): 2003-2013,
Beloor, J.; Kang, H.K.; Kim, Y.J.; Subramani, V.K.; Jang, I.S., Sohn, S.H. & Moon, Y.S. 2010.The effect of stocking density on stress related genes and telomeric Length in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal Animal Science 23: 437-443.
Berg, C. & Yngvesson, J. 2012. Optimal stocking density for broilers-optimal for whom? World’s Poultry Congress. pp. 5-9. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
Carocho, M.; Morales, P. & Ferreira, I.C.F.R. 2018. Antioxidants: reviewing the chemistry, food applications, legislation and role as preservatives. Trends in Food Science and Technology 71: 107-120.
Deusser, H.; Guignard, C.; Hoffmann, L. & Evers, D. 2012. Polyphenol and glycoalkaloid contents in potato cultivars grown in Luxembourg. Food Chemistry 135(4): 2814-2824.
Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range test and F-test. Biometrics 11: 1-42.
Ezekiel, R.; Singh, N.; Sharma, S. & Kaur, A. 2013. Beneficial phytochemicals in potato-A review. Food Research International 50: 487-496.
Gebrechristos, H.Y., Ma, X.; Xiao, F.; He, Y.; Zheng, S.; Oyungere, G. & Chen, W. 2020. Potato peel extracts as an antimicrobial and potential antioxidant in active edible film. Food Science and Nutrition. Food Science & Nutrition 8: 6338-6345.
Gharaghani, H.; Shariatmadari, F. & Torshizi, M.A. 2015. Effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) used as a feed additive on the egg quality of laying hens under heat stress. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola 17: 199-208.
Gholami, M.; Chamani, M.; Seidavi, A.; Sadeghi, A.A. & Aminafschar, M. 2020. Effects of stocking density and environmental conditions on performance, immunity, carcase characteristics, blood constitutes, and economical parameters of Cobb 500 strain broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 19(1): 524-535.
Houshmand, M.; Azhar, K.; Zulkifli, I.; Bejo, M. & Kamyab, A. 2012. Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers. Poultry Science 91: 393-401.
Javed, A.; Ahmad, A.; Tahir, A.; Shabbir, U.; Nouman, M. & Hameed, A. 2019. Potato peel waste-its nutraceutical, industrial and biotechnological applications. Agriculture and Food 4(3): 807-823.
Kim, O-K.; Nam, D-E.; Yoon, H-G.; Baek, S.J.; Jun, W. & Lee, J. 2015. Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of purple sweet potato extract in LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus-induced murine acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Journal of Medicinal Food 18: 882-889.
Kpanja, E.J.; Duru, S., Kotso, J. & Gonjoh, P.T. 2020. Effect of diets containing graded levels of Irish potato peel meal (IPPM) on carcass quality, haematological and blood biochemical profile of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science 22(3): 242-249
Kryeziu, A.J.; Mestani, N.; Berisha, S. & Kamberi, M.A. 2018. The European performance indicators of broiler chickens as influenced by stocking density and sex. Agronomy Research 16(2): 483-491
Liang, S. & Armmando, G. 2014. Chemical and thermal characterization of potato peel waste and its fermentation residue as potential resources for biofuel and bioproducts production. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62: 8421-8429.
Liang, S. & Armmando, G. 2015. Anaerobic digestion of pre-fermented potato peel wastes for methane production. Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management Journal 46: 197-200.
Majid, G.; Mohammad, C.; Alireza, S.; Ali, A.S. & Mehdi, A. 2020. Effects of stocking density and environmental conditions on performance, immunity, carcase characteristics, blood constitutes, and economical parameters of Cobb 500 strain broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 19: 524-535.
Mohammed, G.; Igwebuike, J.U.; Adamu, B.S.; Ashiekh, L.G.; Garba, S.S. & d Kolo, U.M. 2015. Effect of Dietary replacement of maize with Yam and Irish potato peel meals on the growth and economic performance of growing rabbits. Biokemistri. An International Journal of the Nigerian Society for Experimental Biology 27(2): 106-110.
Mohdaly, A.A.A.; Sarhan, M.A.; Smetanska, I. & Mahmoud, A. 2010. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of potato peel, sugar beet pulp and sesame cake. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90: 218-226.
Nasoetion, M.H.; Atmomarsono, U.; Sunarti, D. & Suthama, N. 2019. Growth performance and lipid profile of broilers fed different levels of purple sweet potato extract and raised under different stocking densities. Livestock Research for Rural Development 31(7).
National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. National Academy of Science. Washington, D.C. 176 p.
Ong, K.W.; Hsu, A. & Tan, B.K. 2013. Anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic effects of chlorogenic acid are mediated by ampk activation. Biochemical Pharmacology 85(9): 1341-51.
Park, B.S.; Um, K.H.; Park, S.O. & Zammit, V.A. 2018. Effect of stocking density on behavioral traits, blood biochemical parameters and immune responses in meat ducks exposed to heat stress. Archive Animal Breeding 61: 425-432
Pathak Pranav, D.; Mandavgane Sachin, A. & Bhaskar, D. 2015. Fruit peel waste as a novel low-cost bio adsorbent. Reviews in Chemical Engineering 31(4): 361-381.
Pauzenga, U. 1985. Feeding Parent Stock. Zootech International publications. pp: 22-25
Pompeu, M.A.; Cavalcanti L.F.L. & Toral, F.L.B. 2018. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, and immune response of male broiler chickens: A meta-analysis. Livestock Science 208: 5-13.
Prasad, A.G.D. & Pushpa H.N. 2007. Antimicrobial activity of potato peel waste. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 9: 559-561.
Qaid, M.; Albatshan, H.; Shafey, T.; Hussein, E. & Abudabos, A.M. 2016. Effect of Stocking Density on the Performance and Immunity of 1- to 14-d- Old Broiler Chicks. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 18(04).
Raphael, J.W.; Ojinnaka, P.E.; Tarimbuka, L.I.; Iliya, D.S. & Shehu, I.I. 2017. Growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken fed graded levels of sun-dried Irish potato peel meal. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5(5): 525-529.
Sabeena Farvin, K.H.; Grejsen, H.D. & Jacobsen, C. 2012. Potato peel extract as a natural antioxidant in chilled storage of minced horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus): Effect on lipid and protein oxidation. Food Chemistry 131: 843-851.
Smetanskaa, I. 2010. Antioxidant efficacy of potato peels and sugar beet pulp extracts in vegetable oils protection. Food Chemistry 123: 1019-1026.
Wang, S.; Nie, S. & Zhu, F. 2016. Chemical constituents and health effects of sweet potato. Food Research International 89(1): 90-116.
Xiao, Z.; He, L.; Hou, X.; Wei J.; Ma, X.; Gao, Z.; Yuan, Y.; Xiao, J.; Li, P. & Yue, T. 2021. Relationships between Structure and Antioxidant Capacity and Activity of Glycosylated Flavonols. Foods 10: 849.
Abbas, R.J.; Al-Salhie, K.C.K. & Al-Hummod, S.K.M. 2017. The effect of using different levels of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder on productive and physiological performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Livestock Research for Rural Development 29.
Alansari, B.M. 2020. Development of Antioxidant Activity of Potato Starch Edible Films Incorporate with Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. Oil and Used it in Packaging Beef Pattis. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 33(2): 67-79.
Al-Benna, S.; Hamilton, C.A.; Mcclure, J.D.; Rogers, P.N.; Berg, G.A.; Ford, I.; Delles, C. & Dominiczak, A.F. 2006. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol determines oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in saphenous veins from patients with coronary artery disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 26(1): 218-223.
Al-Salhie, K.C.K. & Al-Waeli, A.M. 2019. The effect of using different levels of red ginseng roots powder on some physiological characteristics of Japanese quail males (Coturnix japonica). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32(1): 34-38.
Althawab, S.A.; Mousa, H.M.; El-Zahar, K.M. & Zaher, A.M.A. 2019. Protective effect of sweet potato peel against oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic Albino rats. Food and Nutrition Sciences 10: 503-516.
Al-Weshahy, A. & Rao, V.A. 2009. Isolation and characterization of functional components from peel samples of six potatoes varieties growing in Ontario. Food Research International 42: 1062-1066.
Al-Weshahy, A.; El-Nokety, M.; Bakhete, M. & Rao, V.A. 2013. Effect of storage on antioxidant activity of freeze-dried potato peels. Food Research International 50: 507-512.
Andre, C.; Legay, S.; Iammarino, C.; Ziebel, J.; Guignard, C.; Larondelle, Y.; Hausman, J.; Evers, D. & Miranda, L. 2014.The potato in the human diet: A complex matrix with potential health benefits. Potato Research 57: 201-214.
Arun, K.; Chandran, J.; Dhanya, R.; Krishna, P.; Jayamurthy, P. & Nisha, P.A. 2015. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of peel from young and matured potato. Food Biosciences 9: 36-46.
Baéza, E.; Arnould, C.; Jlali, M.; Chartrin, P.; Gigaud, V.; Mercerand, F.; Durand, C.; Méteau, K.; Le Bihan-Duval, E. & Berri, C. 2012. Influence of increasing slaughter age of chickens on meat quality, welfare, and technical and economic results. Journal of Animal Science 90(6): 2003-2013,
Beloor, J.; Kang, H.K.; Kim, Y.J.; Subramani, V.K.; Jang, I.S., Sohn, S.H. & Moon, Y.S. 2010.The effect of stocking density on stress related genes and telomeric Length in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal Animal Science 23: 437-443.
Berg, C. & Yngvesson, J. 2012. Optimal stocking density for broilers-optimal for whom? World’s Poultry Congress. pp. 5-9. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
Carocho, M.; Morales, P. & Ferreira, I.C.F.R. 2018. Antioxidants: reviewing the chemistry, food applications, legislation and role as preservatives. Trends in Food Science and Technology 71: 107-120.
Deusser, H.; Guignard, C.; Hoffmann, L. & Evers, D. 2012. Polyphenol and glycoalkaloid contents in potato cultivars grown in Luxembourg. Food Chemistry 135(4): 2814-2824.
Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range test and F-test. Biometrics 11: 1-42.
Ezekiel, R.; Singh, N.; Sharma, S. & Kaur, A. 2013. Beneficial phytochemicals in potato-A review. Food Research International 50: 487-496.
Gebrechristos, H.Y., Ma, X.; Xiao, F.; He, Y.; Zheng, S.; Oyungere, G. & Chen, W. 2020. Potato peel extracts as an antimicrobial and potential antioxidant in active edible film. Food Science and Nutrition. Food Science & Nutrition 8: 6338-6345.
Gharaghani, H.; Shariatmadari, F. & Torshizi, M.A. 2015. Effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) used as a feed additive on the egg quality of laying hens under heat stress. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola 17: 199-208.
Gholami, M.; Chamani, M.; Seidavi, A.; Sadeghi, A.A. & Aminafschar, M. 2020. Effects of stocking density and environmental conditions on performance, immunity, carcase characteristics, blood constitutes, and economical parameters of Cobb 500 strain broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 19(1): 524-535.
Houshmand, M.; Azhar, K.; Zulkifli, I.; Bejo, M. & Kamyab, A. 2012. Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers. Poultry Science 91: 393-401.
Javed, A.; Ahmad, A.; Tahir, A.; Shabbir, U.; Nouman, M. & Hameed, A. 2019. Potato peel waste-its nutraceutical, industrial and biotechnological applications. Agriculture and Food 4(3): 807-823.
Kim, O-K.; Nam, D-E.; Yoon, H-G.; Baek, S.J.; Jun, W. & Lee, J. 2015. Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of purple sweet potato extract in LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus-induced murine acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Journal of Medicinal Food 18: 882-889.
Kpanja, E.J.; Duru, S., Kotso, J. & Gonjoh, P.T. 2020. Effect of diets containing graded levels of Irish potato peel meal (IPPM) on carcass quality, haematological and blood biochemical profile of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science 22(3): 242-249
Kryeziu, A.J.; Mestani, N.; Berisha, S. & Kamberi, M.A. 2018. The European performance indicators of broiler chickens as influenced by stocking density and sex. Agronomy Research 16(2): 483-491
Liang, S. & Armmando, G. 2014. Chemical and thermal characterization of potato peel waste and its fermentation residue as potential resources for biofuel and bioproducts production. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62: 8421-8429.
Liang, S. & Armmando, G. 2015. Anaerobic digestion of pre-fermented potato peel wastes for methane production. Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management Journal 46: 197-200.
Majid, G.; Mohammad, C.; Alireza, S.; Ali, A.S. & Mehdi, A. 2020. Effects of stocking density and environmental conditions on performance, immunity, carcase characteristics, blood constitutes, and economical parameters of Cobb 500 strain broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 19: 524-535.
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