Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the histological, morphological and histochemical structures of the spleen of rats exposed to mercury chloride. Sixteen adult rats, Rattus norvegicus were obtained and divided into two groups as a control group that orally administered distilled water daily for ten weeks, and the second group administrated Hgcl2 at a dose of 3mg\kg B.W\IP three times weekly. The results showed a significant difference as a decrease in the weight of the spleen of treated rats and an increase in the mean length of the spleen. There were significant differences in capsule thickness and the diameter of lymphoid follicles of the spleen compared with the control group. The mean capsule thickness significantly decreased, while the diameter of lymphoid follicles was increased. The histological examinations revealed lymphoid hyperplasia and proliferation of the red pulp (PALS) macrophage with vacuolated sub capsular cells, haemosidrosis with fibrous tissue, and aggregation of inflammatory cells with giant cells, aggregation of necrotic foci and minerals in granuloma center. In addition, in the PAS staining, alternation and necrosis of splenic cord, accumulations of hemosiderin in the red pulp, cellular degeneration and necrosis with an accumulation of adipose tissue, and degeneration of lymphocytes in the cortical area of the splenic corpuscle were observed. The Mallory trichrome staining revealed necrosis and degeneration of endothelial cells with loss of nuclei, degenerations of germinal center and necrosis of medullary sinuses in addition to hemosiderin accumulations.
Keywords
Parasitic contamination
Vegetable
Worm
Protozoan
Article Details
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
KAREEM, D. A., ALI, S. A., SADOON, A. H., AL-MOUSAWI, Z. A., & ALALLAWEE, M. H. A. (2022). Anatomical and histological alternations of the spleen in rat, Rattus norvegicus exposed to mercury. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9, 187–195. Retrieved from https://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/799
References
-
Altunkaynak, B.Z.; Akgül, N.; Yahyazadeh, A.; Altunkaynak, M.E.; Turkmen, A.P.; Akgül, H.M.; & Ünal, B. 2016. Effect of mercury vapor inhalation on rat ovary: Stereology and histopathology. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 42(4): 410-416.
Ansar, S. & AlGhosoon, H.T. 2016. Effect of diallylsulphide supplementation on Wistar rats exposed to mercuric chloride. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 15(1): 81-86.
Aughey, E. & Frye, E. 2001. Comparative Veterinary Histology with Clinical Correlation. Iowa State University Press, AMIS. 247 p.
Benes, P. & Havlik, B. 1979. Speciation of mercury in natural waters. In The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment (J.O. Nriagu, Ed.), Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam. pp: 175-202.
Berlin, M. 1986. Mercury. In Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Friberg L.; Nordberg, G.F.; Vouk, V.B. & Kessler, E. Eds.), 2nd ed. Vol. II: Specific metals. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam. pp: 387-445.
Clarkson, T.W.; Magos, L. & Myers, G.J. 2003. The toxicology of mercury-current exposures and clinical manifestations. New England Journal of Medicine 349(18): 1731-1737.
Cullen, J.M. & Stalker, M.J. 2016. Liver and biliary system. Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals: Volume 2: 258.
Havarinasab, S. & Hultman, P. 2005. Organic mercury compounds and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews 4: 270-275.
Hultman, P.; Taylor, A.; Yang, J.M. & Pollard, K.M. 2006.The effect of xenobiotic exposure on spontaneous autoimmunity in (SWR ¥ SJL) F1 hybridmice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 69: 505-523.
Jahan, S.; Azad, T.; Ayub, A.; Ullah, A.; Afsar, T.; Almajwal, A. & Razak, S. 2019. Ameliorating potency of Chenopodium album Linn and vitamin C against mercuric chloride-induced oxidative stress in testes of Sprague Dawley rats. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 24(1): 1-13.
Jaya Kumar, K.; Xing, M.Z.C.; Azzoz, M. & Jaleel, C.A. 2009. Plant Omics 2(3): 120-126.
Luna, L.G. 1968. Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. (3th edn.), McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
Miller, M.; Evans, H. & Christensen, G. 1979. Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, pp 835-839.
Nance, D.M. & Sanders, V.M. 2007. Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987-2007). Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 21(6): 736-745.
Oriquat, G.A.; Saleem, T.H.; Naik, R.R.; Moussa, S.Z. & Al-Gindy, R.M. 2012. A Sub-Chronic Toxicity Study of Mercuric Chloride in the Rat. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 5(2): 3125
Ostrovskii, D.N.; Lysak, E.I.; Demina, G.P. & Binyukov, V.I. 2000. Interaction of bacteria with mercuric compounds. Microbiology 69(5): 516-523.
Shier, D.; Butler, J. & Lewis, R. (eds) 1995. Lymphatic system and immunity, in Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, ed 5. Dubuque, IA, William C. Brown Publishers. Pp: 342-429.
Steiniger, B. & Barth, P. 2000. Microanatomy and function of the spleen. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology 151: 1-101.
Tchounwou, P.B.; Ayensu, W.K.; Ninashvili, N. & Sutton, D. 2003. Environmental exposure to mercury and its toxicopathologic implications for public health. Environmental Toxicology 18: 149-175.
Uma, C.; Poornima, K.; Surya, S.; Ravikumar, G. & Gopalakrishnan. V.K. 2012. Nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Tabernaemontana coronaria in Mercuric chloride Induced Renal Damage in Wistar Albino Rats. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 3(4): 269-273.
Zhou, C.; Xu, P.; Huang, C.; Liu, G.; Chen, S.; Hu, G. & Guo, X. 2020. Effects of subchronic exposure of mercuric chloride on intestinal histology and microbiota in the cecum of chicken. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 188: 109920.
References
Altunkaynak, B.Z.; Akgül, N.; Yahyazadeh, A.; Altunkaynak, M.E.; Turkmen, A.P.; Akgül, H.M.; & Ünal, B. 2016. Effect of mercury vapor inhalation on rat ovary: Stereology and histopathology. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 42(4): 410-416.
Ansar, S. & AlGhosoon, H.T. 2016. Effect of diallylsulphide supplementation on Wistar rats exposed to mercuric chloride. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 15(1): 81-86.
Aughey, E. & Frye, E. 2001. Comparative Veterinary Histology with Clinical Correlation. Iowa State University Press, AMIS. 247 p.
Benes, P. & Havlik, B. 1979. Speciation of mercury in natural waters. In The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment (J.O. Nriagu, Ed.), Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam. pp: 175-202.
Berlin, M. 1986. Mercury. In Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Friberg L.; Nordberg, G.F.; Vouk, V.B. & Kessler, E. Eds.), 2nd ed. Vol. II: Specific metals. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam. pp: 387-445.
Clarkson, T.W.; Magos, L. & Myers, G.J. 2003. The toxicology of mercury-current exposures and clinical manifestations. New England Journal of Medicine 349(18): 1731-1737.
Cullen, J.M. & Stalker, M.J. 2016. Liver and biliary system. Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals: Volume 2: 258.
Havarinasab, S. & Hultman, P. 2005. Organic mercury compounds and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews 4: 270-275.
Hultman, P.; Taylor, A.; Yang, J.M. & Pollard, K.M. 2006.The effect of xenobiotic exposure on spontaneous autoimmunity in (SWR ¥ SJL) F1 hybridmice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 69: 505-523.
Jahan, S.; Azad, T.; Ayub, A.; Ullah, A.; Afsar, T.; Almajwal, A. & Razak, S. 2019. Ameliorating potency of Chenopodium album Linn and vitamin C against mercuric chloride-induced oxidative stress in testes of Sprague Dawley rats. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 24(1): 1-13.
Jaya Kumar, K.; Xing, M.Z.C.; Azzoz, M. & Jaleel, C.A. 2009. Plant Omics 2(3): 120-126.
Luna, L.G. 1968. Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. (3th edn.), McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
Miller, M.; Evans, H. & Christensen, G. 1979. Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, pp 835-839.
Nance, D.M. & Sanders, V.M. 2007. Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987-2007). Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 21(6): 736-745.
Oriquat, G.A.; Saleem, T.H.; Naik, R.R.; Moussa, S.Z. & Al-Gindy, R.M. 2012. A Sub-Chronic Toxicity Study of Mercuric Chloride in the Rat. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 5(2): 3125
Ostrovskii, D.N.; Lysak, E.I.; Demina, G.P. & Binyukov, V.I. 2000. Interaction of bacteria with mercuric compounds. Microbiology 69(5): 516-523.
Shier, D.; Butler, J. & Lewis, R. (eds) 1995. Lymphatic system and immunity, in Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, ed 5. Dubuque, IA, William C. Brown Publishers. Pp: 342-429.
Steiniger, B. & Barth, P. 2000. Microanatomy and function of the spleen. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology 151: 1-101.
Tchounwou, P.B.; Ayensu, W.K.; Ninashvili, N. & Sutton, D. 2003. Environmental exposure to mercury and its toxicopathologic implications for public health. Environmental Toxicology 18: 149-175.
Uma, C.; Poornima, K.; Surya, S.; Ravikumar, G. & Gopalakrishnan. V.K. 2012. Nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Tabernaemontana coronaria in Mercuric chloride Induced Renal Damage in Wistar Albino Rats. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 3(4): 269-273.
Zhou, C.; Xu, P.; Huang, C.; Liu, G.; Chen, S.; Hu, G. & Guo, X. 2020. Effects of subchronic exposure of mercuric chloride on intestinal histology and microbiota in the cecum of chicken. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 188: 109920.
Ansar, S. & AlGhosoon, H.T. 2016. Effect of diallylsulphide supplementation on Wistar rats exposed to mercuric chloride. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 15(1): 81-86.
Aughey, E. & Frye, E. 2001. Comparative Veterinary Histology with Clinical Correlation. Iowa State University Press, AMIS. 247 p.
Benes, P. & Havlik, B. 1979. Speciation of mercury in natural waters. In The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment (J.O. Nriagu, Ed.), Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam. pp: 175-202.
Berlin, M. 1986. Mercury. In Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Friberg L.; Nordberg, G.F.; Vouk, V.B. & Kessler, E. Eds.), 2nd ed. Vol. II: Specific metals. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam. pp: 387-445.
Clarkson, T.W.; Magos, L. & Myers, G.J. 2003. The toxicology of mercury-current exposures and clinical manifestations. New England Journal of Medicine 349(18): 1731-1737.
Cullen, J.M. & Stalker, M.J. 2016. Liver and biliary system. Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals: Volume 2: 258.
Havarinasab, S. & Hultman, P. 2005. Organic mercury compounds and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews 4: 270-275.
Hultman, P.; Taylor, A.; Yang, J.M. & Pollard, K.M. 2006.The effect of xenobiotic exposure on spontaneous autoimmunity in (SWR ¥ SJL) F1 hybridmice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 69: 505-523.
Jahan, S.; Azad, T.; Ayub, A.; Ullah, A.; Afsar, T.; Almajwal, A. & Razak, S. 2019. Ameliorating potency of Chenopodium album Linn and vitamin C against mercuric chloride-induced oxidative stress in testes of Sprague Dawley rats. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 24(1): 1-13.
Jaya Kumar, K.; Xing, M.Z.C.; Azzoz, M. & Jaleel, C.A. 2009. Plant Omics 2(3): 120-126.
Luna, L.G. 1968. Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. (3th edn.), McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
Miller, M.; Evans, H. & Christensen, G. 1979. Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, pp 835-839.
Nance, D.M. & Sanders, V.M. 2007. Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987-2007). Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 21(6): 736-745.
Oriquat, G.A.; Saleem, T.H.; Naik, R.R.; Moussa, S.Z. & Al-Gindy, R.M. 2012. A Sub-Chronic Toxicity Study of Mercuric Chloride in the Rat. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 5(2): 3125
Ostrovskii, D.N.; Lysak, E.I.; Demina, G.P. & Binyukov, V.I. 2000. Interaction of bacteria with mercuric compounds. Microbiology 69(5): 516-523.
Shier, D.; Butler, J. & Lewis, R. (eds) 1995. Lymphatic system and immunity, in Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, ed 5. Dubuque, IA, William C. Brown Publishers. Pp: 342-429.
Steiniger, B. & Barth, P. 2000. Microanatomy and function of the spleen. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology 151: 1-101.
Tchounwou, P.B.; Ayensu, W.K.; Ninashvili, N. & Sutton, D. 2003. Environmental exposure to mercury and its toxicopathologic implications for public health. Environmental Toxicology 18: 149-175.
Uma, C.; Poornima, K.; Surya, S.; Ravikumar, G. & Gopalakrishnan. V.K. 2012. Nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Tabernaemontana coronaria in Mercuric chloride Induced Renal Damage in Wistar Albino Rats. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 3(4): 269-273.
Zhou, C.; Xu, P.; Huang, C.; Liu, G.; Chen, S.; Hu, G. & Guo, X. 2020. Effects of subchronic exposure of mercuric chloride on intestinal histology and microbiota in the cecum of chicken. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 188: 109920.