Main Article Content
Abstract
The present experiment was undertaken to study the effect of different dosages of β-glucan on the growth, survival and physiological responses in juvenile striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Over nine weeks of feeding fish with a diet containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% β-Glucan (as control, G1, G2 and G3 group, respectively), some blood parameters such as serum lysozyme activity, total protein and glucose values as well as fish survival rate and growth performance were determined. No significant differences were observed either in the growth and survival indexes or in the glucose value in fish fed with and/or without different ratios of β-glucan. However, highest serum lysozyme activity was detected in fish fed on a diet containing 0.5% of β-glucan (10.8 µg/ml serum vs 8.00 µg/ml serum, in control group). In addition, the protein content was significantly increased in all β-glucan treatments compared to control. Thus, the administration of β-glucan might be beneficial for health enhancement in striped catfish juveniles.
Keywords
Immunostimulants
Lysozyme
Physiological responses.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
ADLOO, M. nabi, SOLTANIAN, S., HAFEZIYEH, M., & GHADIMI, N. (2015). Effects of long term dietary administration of β-Glucan on the growth, survival and some blood parameters of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 2(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v2i3.75
References
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Abbas, K.A.; Sapuan, S.M. & Mokhtar, A.S. 2006. Shelf life assessment of Malaysian Pangasius sutchi during cold storage. Sadhana 31: 635-643.
Ahmad, A.; Anjum, F.M.; Zahoor, T. & Nawaz, H. 2009. Extraction of β-glucan from oat and its interaction with glucose and lipoprotein profile. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8: 1486-1492.
Ai, Q.; Mai, K.; Zhang, L.; Tan, B. & Zhang, W. 2007. Effects of dietary β-1, 3 glucan on innate immune response of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. Journal of Fish Shellfish Immunology 22: 394-402.
Bagni, M.; Romano, N.; Finoia, M.G.; Abelli, L. & Scapigliati, G. 2005. Short- and long-term effects of a dietary yeast β-glucan (Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergosan) preparation on immune response in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunology 18: 311-325.
Baska, F.; Voronin, V.N.; Eszterbauer, E.; Müller, L.; Marton, S. & Molnár, K. 2009. Occurrence of two myxosporean species, Myxobolus hakyi sp. n. and Hoferellus pulvinatus sp. n., in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fry imported from Thailand to Europe as ornamental fish. Parasitology Research 105: 1391-1398.
Bridle, A.R.; Carter, C.G.; Morrison, R.N. & Nowak, B.F. 2005. The effect of β-glucan administration on macrophage respiratory burst activity and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., challenged with amoebic gill disease-evidence of inherent resistance. Journal of Fish Disease 28: 347-356.
Cain, K.D.; Grabowski, L.; Reilly, J. & Lytwyn, M. 2003. Immunomodulatory effects of a bacterial-derived β-1,3 glucan administered to tilapia (Oreochromis nilotocus L.) in a Spirulina-based diet. Aquaculture Research 34: 1241-1244.
Cook, M.T.; Hayball, P.J.; Hutchinson, W.; Nowak, B.F. & Hayball, J.D. 2003. Administration of a commercial immunostimulant preparation, Ecoactiva as a feed supplement enhances macrophase respiratory burst and the growth rate of snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae (Bloch and Schneider)) in winter. Journal of Fish Shellfish Immunology 14: 333-345.
Couso, N.; Castro, R.; MagariÇos, B.; Obach, A.; & Lamas, J. 2003. Effect of oral administration of glucans on the resistance of gilthead seabream to pasteurellosis. Journal of Aquaculture 219: 99-109.
Del Rio-Zaragoza, O.B.; Fajer-Avila, E.J. & Almazan-Rueda, P. 2011. Influence of β-glucan on innate immunity and resistance of Lutjanus guttatus to an experimental infection of Dactylogyrid monogeneans. Journal of Parasite Immunology 33: 483-494.
Demers, N.E. & Bayne, C.J. 1997. The immediate effects of stress on hormones and plasma lysozyme in rainbow trout. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 21: 363-373.
Dung, T.T.; Haesebrouck, F.; Tuan, N.A.; Sorgeloos, P.; Baele M. & Decostere, A. 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from natural outbreaks of bacillary necrosis of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in Vietnam. Microbial Drug Resistance 14: 311-316.
Fletcher, T.C. 1986. Modulation of non-specific host defences in fish. Journal of Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 12: 57–67.
Hoseini, S.M.; Hosseini, S.A. & Jafar Nodeh, A. 2011. Serum biochemical characteristics of Beluga, Huso huso (L.), in response to blood sampling after clove powder solution exposure. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 37: 567-572.
Hung, S. & Storebakken, T. 1994. Carbohydrate utilization by rainbow trout is affected by feeding strategy. Journal of Nutrition, 124: 223-230.
Islam, M.S.; Rahman, M.M. & Tanaka, M. 2006. Stocking density positively influences the yield and farm profitability in cage aquaculture of sutchi catfish, Pangasius sutchi. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 441-445.
Islam, M.S.; Huq, K.A. & Rahman, M.A. 2008. Polyculture of Thai pangus (Pangasius hypophthalmus, Sauvage 1878) with carps and prawn: a new approach in polyculture technology regarding growth performance and economic return. Journal of Aquaculture Research, 39: 1620-1627.
Kiron, V. 2012. Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173: 111-133.
Kruger, N.J. 1996. The Bradford method for protein quantitation. In: Walker, JM (Ed.), The protein protocols handbook. (1st Edn.), Totowa, NJ, USA, Humana Press: 11-15.
Kühlwein, H.; Merrifield, D.L.; Rawling, M.D.; Foey, A.D. & Davies, S.J. 2013. Effects of dietary b-(1, 3) (1, 6)-D-glucan supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology and haemato-immunological profile of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98: 279-289.
Kumari, J. & Sahoo, P.K. 2006. Dietary beta-1, 3 glucan potentiates innate immunity and disease resistance of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases 29: 95–101.
Lauridsen, J.H. & Buchmann, K. 2010. Effects of short and long term glucan feeding of rainbow trout on the susceptibility to Ichthyophthirius multifliis infections. Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria 40: 61-66.
Ling, S.W. 1977. Aquaculture in Southeast Asia, a historical overview. A Washington Sea Grant Pub-lication, Seattle, USA.
Maqsood, S.; Singh, P.; Samoon, M.H. & Munir, K. 2011. Emerging role of immunostimulants in combating the disease. Outbreak in Aquaculture 3: 147-163.
Misra, C.K.; Das, B.K.; Mukherjee, S.C. & Pattnaik, P. 2006. Effect of long term administration of dietary β-glucan on immunity, growth and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Journal of Aquaculture 255: 82-94.
Mohammad, R.J.; Skov, J.; Kania, P.W. & Buchmann, K. (2011). Dose dependent effects of dietary immunostimulants on rainbow trout immune parameters and susceptibility to the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, (S3), [001]. 10.4172/2155-9546.S3-001.
Ortuño, J.; Cuesta, A.; Rodriguez, A.; Esteban, M.A. & Meseguer, J. 2002. Oral administration of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enhances the cellular innate immune response of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Journal of Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 85: 41–50.
Ortuño, J.; Esteban, M.A. & Meseguer, J. 1999. Effect of high dietary intake of vitamin C on non-specific immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Journal of Fish Shellfish Immunology 9: 429-443.
Rahman, M.M.; Islam, M.S.; Halder, G.C. & Tanaka, M. 2006. Cage culture of sutchi catfish, Pangasius sutchi (Fowler 1937): effects of stocking density on growth, survival, yield and farm profitability. Aquaculture Research 37: 33-39.
Robertsen, B.; Roerstand, G.; Engstad, R.E. & Raa, J. 1990. Enhancement of non-specific disease resistance in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by a glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls. Journal of Fish Disease 13: 391-400.
Sahan, A. & Duman, S. 2010. Influence of β-1, 3/1, 6 glucan applications on some non-specific cellular immune response and haematologic parameters of healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758). Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 34: 75-81.
Sakai, M. 1999. Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture 172, 63-92.
Sarma, K.; Pal, A.K.; Sahu, N.P.; Ayyappan, S. & Baruah K. 2009. Dietary high protein and vitamin C mitigates endosulfan toxicity in Channa punctatus. Science of the Total Environment 407(12): 3668-3673.
Shelby, R.A.; Lim, C.E.; Aksoy, M.; Welker, T.L. & Klesius, P.H. 2007. Effects of yeast subcomponents diet supplements on growth, stress resistance and immune response in Nile tilapia. 32nd Fish and Feed Nutrition workshop. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
Singh, P.; Benjakul, S.; Maqsood, S. & Kishimura, H. 2011. Isolation and characterisation of collagen extracted from the skin of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Journal of Food Chemistry 124: 97-105.
Siwicki, A.K.; Anderson, D.P. & Dixon, D.W. 1990. In vitro immunostimulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spleen cells with levamisole. Journal of Developmental and Comparative Immunology 14: 231-237.
Siwicki, A.K.; Anderson, D.P. & Rumsey, G.L. 1994. Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 41: 125-139.
Siwicki, A.K.; Zakęś, Z.; Terech-Majewska, E.; Kowalska, A. & Malaczewska, J. 2009. Supplementing the feed of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca (L.)) juveniles with MacroGard and its influence on nonspecific cellular and humoral defense mechanisms. Journal of Aquaculture Research 40: 405-411.
Soltanian S., Stuyven E., Cox E., Sorgeloos P. & Bossier P. 2009. β-glucan as immunostimulant in vertebrates and invertebrates. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 35(2): 109-138.
Sych, G.; Frost, P. & Irnazarow, I. 2013. Influence of β-Glucan (MACROGARD®) on innate immunity of carp fry. Bulletin of Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57: 219-223.
Trinder, P. 1969. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 6: 24-27.
Welker, T.L.; Lim, C.; Yildrim-Aksoy, M.; Shelby, R. & Klesius, P.H. 2007. Immune response and resistance to stress and Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, fed diets containing commercial whole-cell or yeast subcomponents. World Aquaculture Society 38: 24-35.
Whittington, R.; Lim, C. & Klesius, P.H. 2005. Effect of dietary β-glucan levels on the growth response and efficacy of Streptococcus iniae vaccine in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Aquaculture 248: 217-225.
References
Abbas, K.A.; Sapuan, S.M. & Mokhtar, A.S. 2006. Shelf life assessment of Malaysian Pangasius sutchi during cold storage. Sadhana 31: 635-643.
Ahmad, A.; Anjum, F.M.; Zahoor, T. & Nawaz, H. 2009. Extraction of β-glucan from oat and its interaction with glucose and lipoprotein profile. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8: 1486-1492.
Ai, Q.; Mai, K.; Zhang, L.; Tan, B. & Zhang, W. 2007. Effects of dietary β-1, 3 glucan on innate immune response of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. Journal of Fish Shellfish Immunology 22: 394-402.
Bagni, M.; Romano, N.; Finoia, M.G.; Abelli, L. & Scapigliati, G. 2005. Short- and long-term effects of a dietary yeast β-glucan (Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergosan) preparation on immune response in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunology 18: 311-325.
Baska, F.; Voronin, V.N.; Eszterbauer, E.; Müller, L.; Marton, S. & Molnár, K. 2009. Occurrence of two myxosporean species, Myxobolus hakyi sp. n. and Hoferellus pulvinatus sp. n., in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fry imported from Thailand to Europe as ornamental fish. Parasitology Research 105: 1391-1398.
Bridle, A.R.; Carter, C.G.; Morrison, R.N. & Nowak, B.F. 2005. The effect of β-glucan administration on macrophage respiratory burst activity and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., challenged with amoebic gill disease-evidence of inherent resistance. Journal of Fish Disease 28: 347-356.
Cain, K.D.; Grabowski, L.; Reilly, J. & Lytwyn, M. 2003. Immunomodulatory effects of a bacterial-derived β-1,3 glucan administered to tilapia (Oreochromis nilotocus L.) in a Spirulina-based diet. Aquaculture Research 34: 1241-1244.
Cook, M.T.; Hayball, P.J.; Hutchinson, W.; Nowak, B.F. & Hayball, J.D. 2003. Administration of a commercial immunostimulant preparation, Ecoactiva as a feed supplement enhances macrophase respiratory burst and the growth rate of snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae (Bloch and Schneider)) in winter. Journal of Fish Shellfish Immunology 14: 333-345.
Couso, N.; Castro, R.; MagariÇos, B.; Obach, A.; & Lamas, J. 2003. Effect of oral administration of glucans on the resistance of gilthead seabream to pasteurellosis. Journal of Aquaculture 219: 99-109.
Del Rio-Zaragoza, O.B.; Fajer-Avila, E.J. & Almazan-Rueda, P. 2011. Influence of β-glucan on innate immunity and resistance of Lutjanus guttatus to an experimental infection of Dactylogyrid monogeneans. Journal of Parasite Immunology 33: 483-494.
Demers, N.E. & Bayne, C.J. 1997. The immediate effects of stress on hormones and plasma lysozyme in rainbow trout. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 21: 363-373.
Dung, T.T.; Haesebrouck, F.; Tuan, N.A.; Sorgeloos, P.; Baele M. & Decostere, A. 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from natural outbreaks of bacillary necrosis of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in Vietnam. Microbial Drug Resistance 14: 311-316.
Fletcher, T.C. 1986. Modulation of non-specific host defences in fish. Journal of Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 12: 57–67.
Hoseini, S.M.; Hosseini, S.A. & Jafar Nodeh, A. 2011. Serum biochemical characteristics of Beluga, Huso huso (L.), in response to blood sampling after clove powder solution exposure. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 37: 567-572.
Hung, S. & Storebakken, T. 1994. Carbohydrate utilization by rainbow trout is affected by feeding strategy. Journal of Nutrition, 124: 223-230.
Islam, M.S.; Rahman, M.M. & Tanaka, M. 2006. Stocking density positively influences the yield and farm profitability in cage aquaculture of sutchi catfish, Pangasius sutchi. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 441-445.
Islam, M.S.; Huq, K.A. & Rahman, M.A. 2008. Polyculture of Thai pangus (Pangasius hypophthalmus, Sauvage 1878) with carps and prawn: a new approach in polyculture technology regarding growth performance and economic return. Journal of Aquaculture Research, 39: 1620-1627.
Kiron, V. 2012. Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173: 111-133.
Kruger, N.J. 1996. The Bradford method for protein quantitation. In: Walker, JM (Ed.), The protein protocols handbook. (1st Edn.), Totowa, NJ, USA, Humana Press: 11-15.
Kühlwein, H.; Merrifield, D.L.; Rawling, M.D.; Foey, A.D. & Davies, S.J. 2013. Effects of dietary b-(1, 3) (1, 6)-D-glucan supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology and haemato-immunological profile of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98: 279-289.
Kumari, J. & Sahoo, P.K. 2006. Dietary beta-1, 3 glucan potentiates innate immunity and disease resistance of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases 29: 95–101.
Lauridsen, J.H. & Buchmann, K. 2010. Effects of short and long term glucan feeding of rainbow trout on the susceptibility to Ichthyophthirius multifliis infections. Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria 40: 61-66.
Ling, S.W. 1977. Aquaculture in Southeast Asia, a historical overview. A Washington Sea Grant Pub-lication, Seattle, USA.
Maqsood, S.; Singh, P.; Samoon, M.H. & Munir, K. 2011. Emerging role of immunostimulants in combating the disease. Outbreak in Aquaculture 3: 147-163.
Misra, C.K.; Das, B.K.; Mukherjee, S.C. & Pattnaik, P. 2006. Effect of long term administration of dietary β-glucan on immunity, growth and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Journal of Aquaculture 255: 82-94.
Mohammad, R.J.; Skov, J.; Kania, P.W. & Buchmann, K. (2011). Dose dependent effects of dietary immunostimulants on rainbow trout immune parameters and susceptibility to the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, (S3), [001]. 10.4172/2155-9546.S3-001.
Ortuño, J.; Cuesta, A.; Rodriguez, A.; Esteban, M.A. & Meseguer, J. 2002. Oral administration of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enhances the cellular innate immune response of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Journal of Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 85: 41–50.
Ortuño, J.; Esteban, M.A. & Meseguer, J. 1999. Effect of high dietary intake of vitamin C on non-specific immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Journal of Fish Shellfish Immunology 9: 429-443.
Rahman, M.M.; Islam, M.S.; Halder, G.C. & Tanaka, M. 2006. Cage culture of sutchi catfish, Pangasius sutchi (Fowler 1937): effects of stocking density on growth, survival, yield and farm profitability. Aquaculture Research 37: 33-39.
Robertsen, B.; Roerstand, G.; Engstad, R.E. & Raa, J. 1990. Enhancement of non-specific disease resistance in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by a glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls. Journal of Fish Disease 13: 391-400.
Sahan, A. & Duman, S. 2010. Influence of β-1, 3/1, 6 glucan applications on some non-specific cellular immune response and haematologic parameters of healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758). Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 34: 75-81.
Sakai, M. 1999. Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture 172, 63-92.
Sarma, K.; Pal, A.K.; Sahu, N.P.; Ayyappan, S. & Baruah K. 2009. Dietary high protein and vitamin C mitigates endosulfan toxicity in Channa punctatus. Science of the Total Environment 407(12): 3668-3673.
Shelby, R.A.; Lim, C.E.; Aksoy, M.; Welker, T.L. & Klesius, P.H. 2007. Effects of yeast subcomponents diet supplements on growth, stress resistance and immune response in Nile tilapia. 32nd Fish and Feed Nutrition workshop. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
Singh, P.; Benjakul, S.; Maqsood, S. & Kishimura, H. 2011. Isolation and characterisation of collagen extracted from the skin of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Journal of Food Chemistry 124: 97-105.
Siwicki, A.K.; Anderson, D.P. & Dixon, D.W. 1990. In vitro immunostimulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spleen cells with levamisole. Journal of Developmental and Comparative Immunology 14: 231-237.
Siwicki, A.K.; Anderson, D.P. & Rumsey, G.L. 1994. Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 41: 125-139.
Siwicki, A.K.; Zakęś, Z.; Terech-Majewska, E.; Kowalska, A. & Malaczewska, J. 2009. Supplementing the feed of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca (L.)) juveniles with MacroGard and its influence on nonspecific cellular and humoral defense mechanisms. Journal of Aquaculture Research 40: 405-411.
Soltanian S., Stuyven E., Cox E., Sorgeloos P. & Bossier P. 2009. β-glucan as immunostimulant in vertebrates and invertebrates. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 35(2): 109-138.
Sych, G.; Frost, P. & Irnazarow, I. 2013. Influence of β-Glucan (MACROGARD®) on innate immunity of carp fry. Bulletin of Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57: 219-223.
Trinder, P. 1969. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 6: 24-27.
Welker, T.L.; Lim, C.; Yildrim-Aksoy, M.; Shelby, R. & Klesius, P.H. 2007. Immune response and resistance to stress and Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, fed diets containing commercial whole-cell or yeast subcomponents. World Aquaculture Society 38: 24-35.
Whittington, R.; Lim, C. & Klesius, P.H. 2005. Effect of dietary β-glucan levels on the growth response and efficacy of Streptococcus iniae vaccine in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Aquaculture 248: 217-225.
Ahmad, A.; Anjum, F.M.; Zahoor, T. & Nawaz, H. 2009. Extraction of β-glucan from oat and its interaction with glucose and lipoprotein profile. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8: 1486-1492.
Ai, Q.; Mai, K.; Zhang, L.; Tan, B. & Zhang, W. 2007. Effects of dietary β-1, 3 glucan on innate immune response of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. Journal of Fish Shellfish Immunology 22: 394-402.
Bagni, M.; Romano, N.; Finoia, M.G.; Abelli, L. & Scapigliati, G. 2005. Short- and long-term effects of a dietary yeast β-glucan (Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergosan) preparation on immune response in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunology 18: 311-325.
Baska, F.; Voronin, V.N.; Eszterbauer, E.; Müller, L.; Marton, S. & Molnár, K. 2009. Occurrence of two myxosporean species, Myxobolus hakyi sp. n. and Hoferellus pulvinatus sp. n., in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fry imported from Thailand to Europe as ornamental fish. Parasitology Research 105: 1391-1398.
Bridle, A.R.; Carter, C.G.; Morrison, R.N. & Nowak, B.F. 2005. The effect of β-glucan administration on macrophage respiratory burst activity and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., challenged with amoebic gill disease-evidence of inherent resistance. Journal of Fish Disease 28: 347-356.
Cain, K.D.; Grabowski, L.; Reilly, J. & Lytwyn, M. 2003. Immunomodulatory effects of a bacterial-derived β-1,3 glucan administered to tilapia (Oreochromis nilotocus L.) in a Spirulina-based diet. Aquaculture Research 34: 1241-1244.
Cook, M.T.; Hayball, P.J.; Hutchinson, W.; Nowak, B.F. & Hayball, J.D. 2003. Administration of a commercial immunostimulant preparation, Ecoactiva as a feed supplement enhances macrophase respiratory burst and the growth rate of snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae (Bloch and Schneider)) in winter. Journal of Fish Shellfish Immunology 14: 333-345.
Couso, N.; Castro, R.; MagariÇos, B.; Obach, A.; & Lamas, J. 2003. Effect of oral administration of glucans on the resistance of gilthead seabream to pasteurellosis. Journal of Aquaculture 219: 99-109.
Del Rio-Zaragoza, O.B.; Fajer-Avila, E.J. & Almazan-Rueda, P. 2011. Influence of β-glucan on innate immunity and resistance of Lutjanus guttatus to an experimental infection of Dactylogyrid monogeneans. Journal of Parasite Immunology 33: 483-494.
Demers, N.E. & Bayne, C.J. 1997. The immediate effects of stress on hormones and plasma lysozyme in rainbow trout. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 21: 363-373.
Dung, T.T.; Haesebrouck, F.; Tuan, N.A.; Sorgeloos, P.; Baele M. & Decostere, A. 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from natural outbreaks of bacillary necrosis of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in Vietnam. Microbial Drug Resistance 14: 311-316.
Fletcher, T.C. 1986. Modulation of non-specific host defences in fish. Journal of Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 12: 57–67.
Hoseini, S.M.; Hosseini, S.A. & Jafar Nodeh, A. 2011. Serum biochemical characteristics of Beluga, Huso huso (L.), in response to blood sampling after clove powder solution exposure. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 37: 567-572.
Hung, S. & Storebakken, T. 1994. Carbohydrate utilization by rainbow trout is affected by feeding strategy. Journal of Nutrition, 124: 223-230.
Islam, M.S.; Rahman, M.M. & Tanaka, M. 2006. Stocking density positively influences the yield and farm profitability in cage aquaculture of sutchi catfish, Pangasius sutchi. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 441-445.
Islam, M.S.; Huq, K.A. & Rahman, M.A. 2008. Polyculture of Thai pangus (Pangasius hypophthalmus, Sauvage 1878) with carps and prawn: a new approach in polyculture technology regarding growth performance and economic return. Journal of Aquaculture Research, 39: 1620-1627.
Kiron, V. 2012. Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173: 111-133.
Kruger, N.J. 1996. The Bradford method for protein quantitation. In: Walker, JM (Ed.), The protein protocols handbook. (1st Edn.), Totowa, NJ, USA, Humana Press: 11-15.
Kühlwein, H.; Merrifield, D.L.; Rawling, M.D.; Foey, A.D. & Davies, S.J. 2013. Effects of dietary b-(1, 3) (1, 6)-D-glucan supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology and haemato-immunological profile of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98: 279-289.
Kumari, J. & Sahoo, P.K. 2006. Dietary beta-1, 3 glucan potentiates innate immunity and disease resistance of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases 29: 95–101.
Lauridsen, J.H. & Buchmann, K. 2010. Effects of short and long term glucan feeding of rainbow trout on the susceptibility to Ichthyophthirius multifliis infections. Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria 40: 61-66.
Ling, S.W. 1977. Aquaculture in Southeast Asia, a historical overview. A Washington Sea Grant Pub-lication, Seattle, USA.
Maqsood, S.; Singh, P.; Samoon, M.H. & Munir, K. 2011. Emerging role of immunostimulants in combating the disease. Outbreak in Aquaculture 3: 147-163.
Misra, C.K.; Das, B.K.; Mukherjee, S.C. & Pattnaik, P. 2006. Effect of long term administration of dietary β-glucan on immunity, growth and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Journal of Aquaculture 255: 82-94.
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