Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of fishing in Iranian part of the Caspian Sea during 1991-2017 years using fishing-in-balance (FiB), mean trophic level (MTI), ratio of pelagic and demersal fish landings (P/D) and piscivory (PI) indices. The mean (±S.D) of MTI were 2.91±0.38 (95% C.I =3.14-2.67). Its value is first reduced and then increase happened and ultimately stays constant. The mean of FiB was 0.13 (95% C.I=0.28-(-0.02)) and its trend was similar to that of total landing. The mean of Pi index, P/D index, pelagic fish and demersal fish were 0.04±0.02 (95% C.I=0.09-(-0.012)), 3.16±2.31 (95% C.I = 0.6-(-0.52)), 38529±22883 (95% C.I=38585-38472) and 13380±3314 (95% C.I= 3401-13358), respectively. The results revealed that the fish stock in the Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea have been over-exploited. Considering that fishing impacts on the trophic level, we suggest that the fishery management should not continue this trend.
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The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
References
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Aubrey, D.G. 1994. Conservation of biological diversity of the Caspian Sea and its coastal zone. A proposal to the Global Environment Facility. Report to GEF. 250 p.
Aubrey, D.G.; Glushko, T.A. & Ivanov, V.A. 1994. North Caspian Basin: Environmental status and oil and gas operational issues. Report for Mobil-oil. 650 p.
Babouri, K.; Pennino, M.G. & Bellido, J.M. 2014. A trophic indicators toolbox for implementing an ecosystem approach in data-poor fisheries: the Algerian and Bou-Ismail Bay examples. Scientia Marina 78(S1): 37-51.
Bhathal, B. & Pauly, D. 2008. Fishing down marine food webs and spatial expansion of coastal fisheries in India, 1950-2000. Fisheries Research 91(1): 26-34.
Caddy, J.F. 2000. Marine Catchment Basin effects versus impacts of fisheries on semi-enclosed seas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57(1): 628-640.
CBD. 2004. Annex I, decision VII/30. The 2020 biodiversity target: a framework for implementation. Decisions from the Seventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Kuala Lumpur, 9-10 and 27 February 2004. Secretariat of the CBD, Montreal. 34 p.
CEP. 1998a. National reports of the Caspian Sea countries (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Turkmenistan). Caspian Environment Programme. 20 p.
CEP. 1998b. Caspian Sea transboundary diagnostic analysis, preliminary draft outline, Caspian Environment Programme. 36 p.
Daskalov, G.M. & Mamedov, E.V. 2007. Integrated fisheries assessment and possible causes for the collapse of anchovy kulak in the Caspian Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 64(1): 503-511.
Ding, Q.; Chen, X.; Yu, W. & Chen, Y. 2017. An assessment of “fishing down marine food webs” in coastal states during 1950–2010. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 36(2): 43-50.
Fazli, H.; Zhang, H.D.E. & Lee, C.W. 2009a. Multi-species approach for stock management of kilka fish (genus: Clupeonella) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 8(2): 141-154.
Fazli, H.; Zhang, C.I.; Hay, D.E. & Lee, C.W. 2009b. Stock assessment and management implications of anchovy kilka (Clupeonella engrauliformis) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. Fish Research 100(1): 103-108.
Fazli, H.; Daryanabard, G.; Salman Mahiny, A.; Abdolmaleki, S.; Bandani, G. & Afraei Bandpei, A. 2012. Fingerling release program, biomass trend and evolution of the condition factor of Caspian Kutum during the 1991–2011 period. Cybium 36(4): 545-550.
Fazli, H.; Daryanabard, G.R. Abdolmaleki, S. & Bandani, G.A. 2013. Stock assessment and management implications of golden grey mullet (Liza aurata Risso, 1810) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 29(1): 431-436.
IFO. 2017. Report of fishery landing on the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Iranian Fishery organization. 75 p.
Kleisner, K. & Pauly, D. 2011. The Marine Trophic Index (MTI), the Fishing in Balance (FiB) Index and the spatial expansion of fisheries. In: Christensen, V.; Lai, S.; Palomares, M.L.D.; Zeller D. & Pauly, D. (eds.), The State of Biodiversity and Fisheries in Regional Seas. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(3), University of British Columbia, Vancouver. pp. 41-44
Kideys, A.E.; Roohi, A.; Eker-Develi, E.; Melin, F. & Beare, D. 2008. Increased chlorophyll levels in the southern Caspian Sea following an invasion of jellyfish. Research Letters in Ecology 1-4.
Kosarev, A.N. & Yablonskaya, E.A. 1994. The Caspian Sea. SPB Academic Publishing. The Hague. 259 p.
Jaureguizar, A. & Milessi, A. 2008. Assessing the sources of the fishing down marine food web process in the Argentinean-Uruguayan common fishing zone. Science Marina 72(1): 25-36.
Laurans, M.; Gascuel, D.; Chassot, E. & Thiam, D. 2004. Changes in the trophic structure of fish demersal communities in West Africa in the three last decades. Aquatic Living Resource 17(1): 163-173.
Liang, C. & Pauly, D. 2017. Fisheries impacts on China’s coastal ecosystems: Unmasking a pervasive ‘fishing down’ effect. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0173296.
Levin, A.V. 1997. The distribution and migration of sturgeon in the Caspian Sea. In: Birstein, V.J.; Bauer, A. & Kaiser‐Pohlmann, A. (eds.), Sturgeon stocks and Caviar Trade Workshop. Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. pp. 13-19.
Mashjoor, S. & Kamrani, E. 2015. Evaluation of the “fishing down marine food web” process in the north-west of Persian Gulf (Khuzestan Province) during the period of 2002-2011. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 34(10): 103-110.
Milessi, A.C.; Arancibia, H.; Neira, S. & Defeo, O. 2005. The mean trophic level of Uruguayan landings during the period 1990-2001. Fishery Research 74: 223-231.
Pauly, D.; Christensen. V.; Dalsgaard. J.; Froese, R. & Torres, Jr F. 1998. Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279(5352): 860-863.
Pauly, D.; Christensen, V.; Froese, R. & Palomares, M. 2000a. Fishing down aquatic food webs. American Scientist 88(1): 46-51.
Pauly, D.; Christensen, V. & Walters, C. 2000b. Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57(3): 697-706.
Pauly, D.; Palomares, M.L.; Froese, R.; Sa-a, P.; Vakily, M.; Preikshot, D. & Wallace, S. 2001. Fishing down Canadian aquatic food webs. Canadian Journal of Fishery Aquatic Society 58(1): 51-62.
Pauly, D. & Watson, R. 2005. Background and interpretation of the ‘Marine Trophic Index’ as a measure of biodiversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 360(1): 415-423.
Pennino, M.G. & Bellido, J.M. 2012. Can a simple Pelagic-Demersal ratio explain ecosystem functioning? Biodiversity Journal 3(1): 69-78.
Pinnegar, J.K.; Jennings, S.; O’Brien, C.M. & Polunin, N.V.C. 2002. Long-term changes in the trophic level of the Celtic Sea fish community and fish market price distribution. Journal Applied Ecological 39(1): 377-390.
Razzaghi, M.; Mashjoor, S. & kamarani, E. 2017. Mean trophic level of coastal fisheries landings in the Persian Gulf (Hormuzgan Province), 2002-2011. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 35(3): 1-9.
Roohi, A.; Kideys, A. E.; Sajjadi, A.; Hashemian, A.; Pourgholam, R.; Fazli, H.; Ganjian Khanari, A. & Eker-Develi, E. 2010. Changes in biodiversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fishes and macrobenthos in the Southern Caspian Sea after the invasion of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis Leidyi. Biological Invasion 12(1): 2343-2361.
Sala, E.; Aburto-Oropeza, O.; Reza, M. Paredes, G. & López-Lemus, L.G. 2004. Fishing down coastal food webs in the Gulf of California. Fisheries 29: 19-25.
Sánchez, F. & Olaso, I. 2004. Effects of fisheries on the Cantabrian sea shelf ecosystem. Ecosystem Model 172(1): 151-174.
Shiganova, T.A.; Kamakin, A.M.; Zhukova, O.P.; Ushivtsev, V.B.; Dulimov, A.B. & Musaeva, E.I. 2001. An invader in the Caspian Sea ctenophore Mnemiopsis and its initial effect on pelagic ecosystem. Oceanology 41(1): 517-524.
Stergiou, K.I. & Koulouris, M. 2000. Fishing down the marine food webs in the Hellenic Seas. In: Stergiou, K.I. & Polunin, N. (eds.), Fishing Down the Mediterranean Food Webs. CIESM Workshop Series 12. pp. 73-78.
Vivekanandan, E.; Srinath, M. & Kuriakose, S. 2005. Fishing the marine food web along the Indian Coast. Fisheries Research 72(2-3): 241-252.
Willemse, N.E. & Pauly, D. 2004. Reconstruction and interpretation of marine fisheries catches from Namibian waters, 1950 to 2000. In: Sumaila, U.R.; Boyer, D. & Skog, M. (eds.), Namibia's Fisheries: Ecological, Economic and Social Aspects. The Netherlands, Eburon, pp. 99-112.
References
Aubrey, D.G.; Glushko, T.A. & Ivanov, V.A. 1994. North Caspian Basin: Environmental status and oil and gas operational issues. Report for Mobil-oil. 650 p.
Babouri, K.; Pennino, M.G. & Bellido, J.M. 2014. A trophic indicators toolbox for implementing an ecosystem approach in data-poor fisheries: the Algerian and Bou-Ismail Bay examples. Scientia Marina 78(S1): 37-51.
Bhathal, B. & Pauly, D. 2008. Fishing down marine food webs and spatial expansion of coastal fisheries in India, 1950-2000. Fisheries Research 91(1): 26-34.
Caddy, J.F. 2000. Marine Catchment Basin effects versus impacts of fisheries on semi-enclosed seas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57(1): 628-640.
CBD. 2004. Annex I, decision VII/30. The 2020 biodiversity target: a framework for implementation. Decisions from the Seventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Kuala Lumpur, 9-10 and 27 February 2004. Secretariat of the CBD, Montreal. 34 p.
CEP. 1998a. National reports of the Caspian Sea countries (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Turkmenistan). Caspian Environment Programme. 20 p.
CEP. 1998b. Caspian Sea transboundary diagnostic analysis, preliminary draft outline, Caspian Environment Programme. 36 p.
Daskalov, G.M. & Mamedov, E.V. 2007. Integrated fisheries assessment and possible causes for the collapse of anchovy kulak in the Caspian Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 64(1): 503-511.
Ding, Q.; Chen, X.; Yu, W. & Chen, Y. 2017. An assessment of “fishing down marine food webs” in coastal states during 1950–2010. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 36(2): 43-50.
Fazli, H.; Zhang, H.D.E. & Lee, C.W. 2009a. Multi-species approach for stock management of kilka fish (genus: Clupeonella) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 8(2): 141-154.
Fazli, H.; Zhang, C.I.; Hay, D.E. & Lee, C.W. 2009b. Stock assessment and management implications of anchovy kilka (Clupeonella engrauliformis) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. Fish Research 100(1): 103-108.
Fazli, H.; Daryanabard, G.; Salman Mahiny, A.; Abdolmaleki, S.; Bandani, G. & Afraei Bandpei, A. 2012. Fingerling release program, biomass trend and evolution of the condition factor of Caspian Kutum during the 1991–2011 period. Cybium 36(4): 545-550.
Fazli, H.; Daryanabard, G.R. Abdolmaleki, S. & Bandani, G.A. 2013. Stock assessment and management implications of golden grey mullet (Liza aurata Risso, 1810) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 29(1): 431-436.
IFO. 2017. Report of fishery landing on the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Iranian Fishery organization. 75 p.
Kleisner, K. & Pauly, D. 2011. The Marine Trophic Index (MTI), the Fishing in Balance (FiB) Index and the spatial expansion of fisheries. In: Christensen, V.; Lai, S.; Palomares, M.L.D.; Zeller D. & Pauly, D. (eds.), The State of Biodiversity and Fisheries in Regional Seas. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(3), University of British Columbia, Vancouver. pp. 41-44
Kideys, A.E.; Roohi, A.; Eker-Develi, E.; Melin, F. & Beare, D. 2008. Increased chlorophyll levels in the southern Caspian Sea following an invasion of jellyfish. Research Letters in Ecology 1-4.
Kosarev, A.N. & Yablonskaya, E.A. 1994. The Caspian Sea. SPB Academic Publishing. The Hague. 259 p.
Jaureguizar, A. & Milessi, A. 2008. Assessing the sources of the fishing down marine food web process in the Argentinean-Uruguayan common fishing zone. Science Marina 72(1): 25-36.
Laurans, M.; Gascuel, D.; Chassot, E. & Thiam, D. 2004. Changes in the trophic structure of fish demersal communities in West Africa in the three last decades. Aquatic Living Resource 17(1): 163-173.
Liang, C. & Pauly, D. 2017. Fisheries impacts on China’s coastal ecosystems: Unmasking a pervasive ‘fishing down’ effect. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0173296.
Levin, A.V. 1997. The distribution and migration of sturgeon in the Caspian Sea. In: Birstein, V.J.; Bauer, A. & Kaiser‐Pohlmann, A. (eds.), Sturgeon stocks and Caviar Trade Workshop. Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. pp. 13-19.
Mashjoor, S. & Kamrani, E. 2015. Evaluation of the “fishing down marine food web” process in the north-west of Persian Gulf (Khuzestan Province) during the period of 2002-2011. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 34(10): 103-110.
Milessi, A.C.; Arancibia, H.; Neira, S. & Defeo, O. 2005. The mean trophic level of Uruguayan landings during the period 1990-2001. Fishery Research 74: 223-231.
Pauly, D.; Christensen. V.; Dalsgaard. J.; Froese, R. & Torres, Jr F. 1998. Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279(5352): 860-863.
Pauly, D.; Christensen, V.; Froese, R. & Palomares, M. 2000a. Fishing down aquatic food webs. American Scientist 88(1): 46-51.
Pauly, D.; Christensen, V. & Walters, C. 2000b. Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57(3): 697-706.
Pauly, D.; Palomares, M.L.; Froese, R.; Sa-a, P.; Vakily, M.; Preikshot, D. & Wallace, S. 2001. Fishing down Canadian aquatic food webs. Canadian Journal of Fishery Aquatic Society 58(1): 51-62.
Pauly, D. & Watson, R. 2005. Background and interpretation of the ‘Marine Trophic Index’ as a measure of biodiversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 360(1): 415-423.
Pennino, M.G. & Bellido, J.M. 2012. Can a simple Pelagic-Demersal ratio explain ecosystem functioning? Biodiversity Journal 3(1): 69-78.
Pinnegar, J.K.; Jennings, S.; O’Brien, C.M. & Polunin, N.V.C. 2002. Long-term changes in the trophic level of the Celtic Sea fish community and fish market price distribution. Journal Applied Ecological 39(1): 377-390.
Razzaghi, M.; Mashjoor, S. & kamarani, E. 2017. Mean trophic level of coastal fisheries landings in the Persian Gulf (Hormuzgan Province), 2002-2011. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 35(3): 1-9.
Roohi, A.; Kideys, A. E.; Sajjadi, A.; Hashemian, A.; Pourgholam, R.; Fazli, H.; Ganjian Khanari, A. & Eker-Develi, E. 2010. Changes in biodiversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fishes and macrobenthos in the Southern Caspian Sea after the invasion of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis Leidyi. Biological Invasion 12(1): 2343-2361.
Sala, E.; Aburto-Oropeza, O.; Reza, M. Paredes, G. & López-Lemus, L.G. 2004. Fishing down coastal food webs in the Gulf of California. Fisheries 29: 19-25.
Sánchez, F. & Olaso, I. 2004. Effects of fisheries on the Cantabrian sea shelf ecosystem. Ecosystem Model 172(1): 151-174.
Shiganova, T.A.; Kamakin, A.M.; Zhukova, O.P.; Ushivtsev, V.B.; Dulimov, A.B. & Musaeva, E.I. 2001. An invader in the Caspian Sea ctenophore Mnemiopsis and its initial effect on pelagic ecosystem. Oceanology 41(1): 517-524.
Stergiou, K.I. & Koulouris, M. 2000. Fishing down the marine food webs in the Hellenic Seas. In: Stergiou, K.I. & Polunin, N. (eds.), Fishing Down the Mediterranean Food Webs. CIESM Workshop Series 12. pp. 73-78.
Vivekanandan, E.; Srinath, M. & Kuriakose, S. 2005. Fishing the marine food web along the Indian Coast. Fisheries Research 72(2-3): 241-252.
Willemse, N.E. & Pauly, D. 2004. Reconstruction and interpretation of marine fisheries catches from Namibian waters, 1950 to 2000. In: Sumaila, U.R.; Boyer, D. & Skog, M. (eds.), Namibia's Fisheries: Ecological, Economic and Social Aspects. The Netherlands, Eburon, pp. 99-112.