Main Article Content
Abstract
A 3×2 factorial experiment with six trial diets containing three protein levels (30, 35 and 40%) and two lipid levels (10 and 15%) was conducted to investigate the optimum dietary protein to lipid ratio of Aspikutum, Leuciscus aspius ♀ × Rutilus frisii ♂. In this experiment, 252 fish (31.22±0.38g; mean±SE) were stocked in 18 tanks with the volume of 400L and were fed 3 times daily for 60 days. The results indicated that growth performance and feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by protein content of the diet, so that these parameters increased significantly with increasing protein level from 30% to 35%, and then decreased in 40%. Protein efficiency ratio and hepatosomatic index decreased with increasing dietary protein level. Lipid efficiency ratio decreased with increasing dietary lipid level. Lipid content of carcass was decreased with increasing the dietary protein, so that the highest amount of lipid was observed in fish fed by 30% protein and 15% lipid. Also, body moisture of fish fed by 40% protein and 15% lipid was higher than those of other treatments. In general, the results indicated that diet containing 35% protein and 15% lipid is suitable for the optimum growth and feed utilization of Aspikutum in juvenile stage.
Keywords
Protein/lipid ratio
Metabolism
Growth
Hybrid
Asp
Caspian Kutum.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
HAGHPARAST, P., FALAHATKAR, B., KHOSHKHOLGH, M. R., & MEKNATKHAH, B. (2017). Influence of dietary protein/lipid ratio on growth performance and body composition of Aspikutum, a new hybrid of Leuciscus aspius ♀ × Rutilus frisii ♂ (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 3(4), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v3i4.146
References
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Abdel-Tawwab, M.; Ahmad, M.; Khattab, Y.A.E. & Shalaby, A.M.E. 2010. Effect of dietary protein level, initial body weight, and their interaction on the growth, feed utilization, and physiological alterations of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture 298: 267-274.
Abdoli, A. 1999. The Inland Water Fishes of Iran. Natural and Wild Life Museum of Iran, Tehran, Iran, pp: 198-200. (In Farsi)
Ahmad, M.H. 2008. Response of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, to different dietary protein and lipid levels in practical diets. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 39: 541-548.
Ai, Q.; Mai, K.; Li, H.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, L.; Duan, Q.; Tan, B.; Xu, W.; Ma, H.; Zhang, W. & Liufu, Z. 2004. Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicas. Aquaculture 230: 507-516.
Ali, M.Z. & Jauncey, K. 2005. Approaches to optimizing dietary protein to energy ratio for African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Aquaculture Nutrition 11: 95-101.
Aliyu-Paiko, M.; Hashim, R. & Shu-Chien, A.C. 2010. Influence of dietary lipid/protein ratio on survival, growth, body indices and digestive lipase activity in Snakehead (Channa striatus, Bloch 1793) fry reared in re-circulating water system. Aquaculture Nutrition 16: 466-474.
AOAC, 1995. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington.
Arredondo-Figueroa, J.L.; Matsumoto-Soulé, J.J. & Ponce-Palafox, J.T. 2012. Effects of protein and lipids on growth performance, feed Efficiency and survival rate in fingerlings of bay snook (Petenia splendida). International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 4: 204-213.
Bartley, D.M.; Rana, K. & Immink, A.J. 2001. The use of inter-specific hybrids in aquaculture and fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 10: 325-337.
Borba, M.R.; Fracalossi, D.M.; Pezzato, L.E.; Menoyo, D. & Bautista, J.M. 2003. Growth, lipogenesis and body composition of piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) fingerlings fed different dietary protein and lipid concentrations. Aquatic Living Resources 16: 362-369.
Chai, X.J.; Ji, W.X.; Han, H.; Dai, Y.X. & Wang, Y. 2013. Growth, feed utilization, body composition and swimming performance of giant croaker, Nibea japonica Temminck and Schlegel, fed at different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition 19: 928-935.
Coad, B.W. 2014. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. Available at http://www.briancoad.com accessed: 2 June 2014.
Coutinho, F.; Peres, H.; Guerreiro, I.; Pousao-Ferreira, P. & Oliva-Teles, A. 2012. Dietary protein requirement of sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo Cetti, 1777) juvenile. Aquaculture 356-357: 391-397.
De Silva, S.S.; Gunasekera, R.M. & Shim, K.F. 1991. Interactions of varying dietary protein and lipid levels in young red tilapia: evidence of protein sparing. Aquaculture 95: 305-318.
De Silva, S.S.; Gunasekera, R.M.; Gooley, G. & Ingram, B.A. 2001. Growth of Australian shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) elvers given different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition 7: 53-57.
Ebrahimi, G.; Ouraji, H.; Firouzbakhsh, F. & Makhdomi, C. 2013. Effect of dietary lipid and protein levels with different protein to energy ratios on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamenskii, 1901) fingerlings. Aquaculture Research 44: 1447-1458.
Falahatkar, B. & Tolouei Gilani, M.H. 2013. Use of laparoscopy for sex identification of Asp Aspius aspius. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 33: 894-899.
Falahatkar, B.; Meknatkhah, B. & Efatpanah, I. 2013. Hybrid production of Asp (Aspius aspius ♀) × Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum ♂): A preliminary results of fertilization. Aquaculture Europe. 9-12 August 2013, Trondheim, Norway.
Falahatkar, B.; Efatpanah, I.; Meknatkhah, B. & Rahmati, M. 2015. Potential of Aspikutum (a hybrid of Leuciscus aspius ♀ × Rutilus frisii ♂) for aquaculture: comparison of growth performance in earthen ponds and tanks. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 2: 194-196.
Fu, S.J.; Xie, X.J.; Zhang, W.B. & Cao, Z.D. 2001. The study on nutrition of Silurus meridionalis: III. The sparing effect of dietary lipid. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 25: 70-75.
Grisdale-Helland, B.; Sheare, K.D.; Gatlin, D.M. & Helland, S.J. 2008. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, protein digestibility, feed utilization and body composition of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquaculture 283: 156-162.
Guo, Z.; Zhu, X.; Liu, J.; Han, D.; Yang, Y.; Lan, Z. & Xie, S. 2012. Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance, nitrogen and energy budget of juvenile hybrid sturgeon, Acipenser baerii ♀ × A. gueldenstaedtii ♂. Aquaculture 338-341: 89-95.
Harper, A.E.; Benevenga, N.J. & Wohleuter, R.M. 1970. Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiological Reviews 50: 428-558.
Hidalgo, E. & Alliot, E. 1998. Influence of water temperature on protein requirement and protein utilization in juvenile sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquaculture 72: 115-129.
Jauncey, K. 1982. The effects of varying dietary protein level on the growth, food conversion, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile tilapias (Sarotherodon mossambicus). Aquaculture 27: 43-54.
Kim, K.; Kayes, T.B. & Amundson, C.H. 1991. Purified diet development and re-evaluation of the dietary protein requirement of fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 96: 57-67.
Kim, L.O. & Lee, S.M. 2005. Effects of the dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body composition of bagrid catfish, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. Aquaculture 243: 323-329.
Li, X.F.; Liu, W.B.; Jiang, Y.Y.; Zhu, H. & Ge, X.P. 2010. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels in practical diets on growth performance and body composition of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fingerlings. Aquaculture 303: 65-70.
Ling, S.; Hashim, R.; Kolkovski, S. & Chong Shu-Chien, A. 2006. Effect of varying dietary lipid and protein levels on growth and reproductive performance of female swordtails Xiphophorus helleri (Poeciliidae). Aquaculture Research 37: 1267-1275.
Liu, X.; Mai, K.; Ai1, Q.; Wang, X.; Liufu, Z. & Zhang, Y. 2013. Effects of protein and lipid levels in practical diets on growth and body composition of tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 44: 96-104.
Mahmoodi, Z.; Noveirian, H.A.; Falahatkar, B. & Khoshkholgh, M.R. 2013. The effect of different dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance in Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamensky, 1901). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 22: 103-116. (In Farsi)
Mathis, N.; Feidt, C. & Brun-Bellut, J. 2003. Influence of protein/energy ratio on carcass quality during the growing period of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). Aquaculture 217: 453-464.
Mohanta, K.N.; Mohanty, S.N., Jena, J.K. & Sahu, N.P. 2008. Protein requirement of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus Fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition 14: 143-152.
Mohseni, M.; Pourkazemi, M.; Hosseni, M.R.; Hassani, S.M.H. & Bai, S.C. 2011. Effects of the dietary protein levels and the protein to energy ratio in sub-yearling Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus (Borodin). Aquaculture Research 44: 378-387.
Morais, S.; Bell, J.G.; Robertson, D.A.; Roy, W.J. & Morris, P.C. 2001. Protein/lipid ratios in extruded diets for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): effects on growth, feed utilisation, muscle composition and liver histology. Aquaculture 203: 101-119.
Ng, W.K.; Abdullah, N. & De Silva, S.S. 2008. The dietary protein requirement of the Malaysian mahseer, Tor tambroides (Bleeker), and the lack of protein-sparing action by dietary lipid. Aquaculture 284: 201-206.
Ozório, R.O.A.; Valente, L.M.P.; Pousao-Ferreira, P. & Oliva-Teles, A. 2006. Growth performance and body composition of white seabream (Diplodus sargus) juveniles fed diets with different protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Research 37: 255-263.
Ozório, R.O.A.; Valente, L.M.P.; Correia, S.; Pousao-Ferreira, P.; Damasaceno-Oliveira, A.; Escorcio, C. & Oliva-Teles, A. 2009. Protein requirement for maintenance and maximum grow of two-banded sea bream (Diplodus vulgaris) juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition 15: 85-93.
Razavi Sayyad, B. 1995. Kutum. IFRO, Tehran, Iran. 165 p. (In Farsi)
Refstie, S.; Korsoen, O.; Storebakken, T.; Baeverfjord, G.; Lein, I. & Roem, A. 2003. Differing nutritional responses to dietary soybean meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 190: 46-63.
Rueda-López, S.; Lazo, J.P., Reyes, G.C. & Viana, M.T. 2011. Effect of dietary protein and energy levels on growth, survival and body composition of juvenile Totoaba macdonaldi. Aquaculture 319: 385-390.
Salhi, M.; Bessonart, M.; Chediak, G.; Bellagamba, M. & Carnevia, D. 2004. Growth, feed utilisation and body composition of black catfish, Rhamdia quelen fry fed diets containing different protein and energy levels. Aquaculture 231: 435-444.
Santiago, C.B. & Reyes, O.S. 1991. Optimum dietary protein level for growth of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fry in a static water system. Aquaculture 93: 155-165.
Sargent, J.R.; Bell, J.G.; McEvoy, L.A.; Tocher, D. & Estevez, A. 1999. Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish. Aquaculture 177: 191-199.
Satpathy, B.B., Mukherjee, D. & Ray, A.K. 2003. Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed conversion and body composition in rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition 9: 17-24.
Shalaby, S.M.; El-Dakar, A.Y.; Wahbi, O.M. & Saoud, I.M. 2011. Growth, feed utilization and body composition of white sea bream, Diplodus sargus juveniles offered diets with various protein and energy levels. Marine Science 22: 3-17.
Shearer, K.D. 1994. Factors affecting the proximate composition of cultured fishes with emphasis on salmonids. Aquaculture 119: 63-88.
Skalli, A., Hidalgo, M.C., Abellan, E., Arizcun, M. & Cardenete, G. 2004. Effects of the dietary protein/lipid ratio on growth and nutrient utilization in common dentex (Dentex dentex L.) at different growth stages. Aquaculture 235: 1-11.
Tacon, A.G.J. 1993. Feed ingredients for warm water fish: fish meal and other feedstuffs. FAO Fisheries Circular, 856, FAO, Rome. 64 p.
Wang, F.; Han, H.; Wang, Y. & Ma, X. 2013. Growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus fed at different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition 19: 360-367.
Wang, Y.Y.; Ma, G.J.; Shi, Y.; Liu, D.S.; Guo, J.X., Yang, Y.H. & Chen, C.D. 2013. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed utilization and body composition in Pseudobagrus ussuriensis fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition 19: 390-398.
Yang, S.D.; Lin, T.S.; Liou, C.H. & Peng, H.K. 2003. Influence of dietary protein levels on growth performance, carcass composition and lipid classes of juvenile Spinibarbus hollandi (Oshima). Aquaculture Research 34: 661-666.
Yuan, Y.C.; Gong, S.Y.; Luo, Z.; Yang, H.J.; Zhang, G.B. & Chu, Z.J. 2010. Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Aquaculture Nutrition 16: 205-212.
References
Abdel-Tawwab, M.; Ahmad, M.; Khattab, Y.A.E. & Shalaby, A.M.E. 2010. Effect of dietary protein level, initial body weight, and their interaction on the growth, feed utilization, and physiological alterations of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture 298: 267-274.
Abdoli, A. 1999. The Inland Water Fishes of Iran. Natural and Wild Life Museum of Iran, Tehran, Iran, pp: 198-200. (In Farsi)
Ahmad, M.H. 2008. Response of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, to different dietary protein and lipid levels in practical diets. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 39: 541-548.
Ai, Q.; Mai, K.; Li, H.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, L.; Duan, Q.; Tan, B.; Xu, W.; Ma, H.; Zhang, W. & Liufu, Z. 2004. Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicas. Aquaculture 230: 507-516.
Ali, M.Z. & Jauncey, K. 2005. Approaches to optimizing dietary protein to energy ratio for African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Aquaculture Nutrition 11: 95-101.
Aliyu-Paiko, M.; Hashim, R. & Shu-Chien, A.C. 2010. Influence of dietary lipid/protein ratio on survival, growth, body indices and digestive lipase activity in Snakehead (Channa striatus, Bloch 1793) fry reared in re-circulating water system. Aquaculture Nutrition 16: 466-474.
AOAC, 1995. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington.
Arredondo-Figueroa, J.L.; Matsumoto-Soulé, J.J. & Ponce-Palafox, J.T. 2012. Effects of protein and lipids on growth performance, feed Efficiency and survival rate in fingerlings of bay snook (Petenia splendida). International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 4: 204-213.
Bartley, D.M.; Rana, K. & Immink, A.J. 2001. The use of inter-specific hybrids in aquaculture and fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 10: 325-337.
Borba, M.R.; Fracalossi, D.M.; Pezzato, L.E.; Menoyo, D. & Bautista, J.M. 2003. Growth, lipogenesis and body composition of piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) fingerlings fed different dietary protein and lipid concentrations. Aquatic Living Resources 16: 362-369.
Chai, X.J.; Ji, W.X.; Han, H.; Dai, Y.X. & Wang, Y. 2013. Growth, feed utilization, body composition and swimming performance of giant croaker, Nibea japonica Temminck and Schlegel, fed at different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition 19: 928-935.
Coad, B.W. 2014. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. Available at http://www.briancoad.com accessed: 2 June 2014.
Coutinho, F.; Peres, H.; Guerreiro, I.; Pousao-Ferreira, P. & Oliva-Teles, A. 2012. Dietary protein requirement of sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo Cetti, 1777) juvenile. Aquaculture 356-357: 391-397.
De Silva, S.S.; Gunasekera, R.M. & Shim, K.F. 1991. Interactions of varying dietary protein and lipid levels in young red tilapia: evidence of protein sparing. Aquaculture 95: 305-318.
De Silva, S.S.; Gunasekera, R.M.; Gooley, G. & Ingram, B.A. 2001. Growth of Australian shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) elvers given different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition 7: 53-57.
Ebrahimi, G.; Ouraji, H.; Firouzbakhsh, F. & Makhdomi, C. 2013. Effect of dietary lipid and protein levels with different protein to energy ratios on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamenskii, 1901) fingerlings. Aquaculture Research 44: 1447-1458.
Falahatkar, B. & Tolouei Gilani, M.H. 2013. Use of laparoscopy for sex identification of Asp Aspius aspius. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 33: 894-899.
Falahatkar, B.; Meknatkhah, B. & Efatpanah, I. 2013. Hybrid production of Asp (Aspius aspius ♀) × Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum ♂): A preliminary results of fertilization. Aquaculture Europe. 9-12 August 2013, Trondheim, Norway.
Falahatkar, B.; Efatpanah, I.; Meknatkhah, B. & Rahmati, M. 2015. Potential of Aspikutum (a hybrid of Leuciscus aspius ♀ × Rutilus frisii ♂) for aquaculture: comparison of growth performance in earthen ponds and tanks. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 2: 194-196.
Fu, S.J.; Xie, X.J.; Zhang, W.B. & Cao, Z.D. 2001. The study on nutrition of Silurus meridionalis: III. The sparing effect of dietary lipid. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 25: 70-75.
Grisdale-Helland, B.; Sheare, K.D.; Gatlin, D.M. & Helland, S.J. 2008. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, protein digestibility, feed utilization and body composition of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquaculture 283: 156-162.
Guo, Z.; Zhu, X.; Liu, J.; Han, D.; Yang, Y.; Lan, Z. & Xie, S. 2012. Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance, nitrogen and energy budget of juvenile hybrid sturgeon, Acipenser baerii ♀ × A. gueldenstaedtii ♂. Aquaculture 338-341: 89-95.
Harper, A.E.; Benevenga, N.J. & Wohleuter, R.M. 1970. Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiological Reviews 50: 428-558.
Hidalgo, E. & Alliot, E. 1998. Influence of water temperature on protein requirement and protein utilization in juvenile sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquaculture 72: 115-129.
Jauncey, K. 1982. The effects of varying dietary protein level on the growth, food conversion, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile tilapias (Sarotherodon mossambicus). Aquaculture 27: 43-54.
Kim, K.; Kayes, T.B. & Amundson, C.H. 1991. Purified diet development and re-evaluation of the dietary protein requirement of fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 96: 57-67.
Kim, L.O. & Lee, S.M. 2005. Effects of the dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body composition of bagrid catfish, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. Aquaculture 243: 323-329.
Li, X.F.; Liu, W.B.; Jiang, Y.Y.; Zhu, H. & Ge, X.P. 2010. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels in practical diets on growth performance and body composition of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fingerlings. Aquaculture 303: 65-70.
Ling, S.; Hashim, R.; Kolkovski, S. & Chong Shu-Chien, A. 2006. Effect of varying dietary lipid and protein levels on growth and reproductive performance of female swordtails Xiphophorus helleri (Poeciliidae). Aquaculture Research 37: 1267-1275.
Liu, X.; Mai, K.; Ai1, Q.; Wang, X.; Liufu, Z. & Zhang, Y. 2013. Effects of protein and lipid levels in practical diets on growth and body composition of tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 44: 96-104.
Mahmoodi, Z.; Noveirian, H.A.; Falahatkar, B. & Khoshkholgh, M.R. 2013. The effect of different dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance in Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamensky, 1901). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 22: 103-116. (In Farsi)
Mathis, N.; Feidt, C. & Brun-Bellut, J. 2003. Influence of protein/energy ratio on carcass quality during the growing period of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). Aquaculture 217: 453-464.
Mohanta, K.N.; Mohanty, S.N., Jena, J.K. & Sahu, N.P. 2008. Protein requirement of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus Fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition 14: 143-152.
Mohseni, M.; Pourkazemi, M.; Hosseni, M.R.; Hassani, S.M.H. & Bai, S.C. 2011. Effects of the dietary protein levels and the protein to energy ratio in sub-yearling Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus (Borodin). Aquaculture Research 44: 378-387.
Morais, S.; Bell, J.G.; Robertson, D.A.; Roy, W.J. & Morris, P.C. 2001. Protein/lipid ratios in extruded diets for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): effects on growth, feed utilisation, muscle composition and liver histology. Aquaculture 203: 101-119.
Ng, W.K.; Abdullah, N. & De Silva, S.S. 2008. The dietary protein requirement of the Malaysian mahseer, Tor tambroides (Bleeker), and the lack of protein-sparing action by dietary lipid. Aquaculture 284: 201-206.
Ozório, R.O.A.; Valente, L.M.P.; Pousao-Ferreira, P. & Oliva-Teles, A. 2006. Growth performance and body composition of white seabream (Diplodus sargus) juveniles fed diets with different protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Research 37: 255-263.
Ozório, R.O.A.; Valente, L.M.P.; Correia, S.; Pousao-Ferreira, P.; Damasaceno-Oliveira, A.; Escorcio, C. & Oliva-Teles, A. 2009. Protein requirement for maintenance and maximum grow of two-banded sea bream (Diplodus vulgaris) juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition 15: 85-93.
Razavi Sayyad, B. 1995. Kutum. IFRO, Tehran, Iran. 165 p. (In Farsi)
Refstie, S.; Korsoen, O.; Storebakken, T.; Baeverfjord, G.; Lein, I. & Roem, A. 2003. Differing nutritional responses to dietary soybean meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 190: 46-63.
Rueda-López, S.; Lazo, J.P., Reyes, G.C. & Viana, M.T. 2011. Effect of dietary protein and energy levels on growth, survival and body composition of juvenile Totoaba macdonaldi. Aquaculture 319: 385-390.
Salhi, M.; Bessonart, M.; Chediak, G.; Bellagamba, M. & Carnevia, D. 2004. Growth, feed utilisation and body composition of black catfish, Rhamdia quelen fry fed diets containing different protein and energy levels. Aquaculture 231: 435-444.
Santiago, C.B. & Reyes, O.S. 1991. Optimum dietary protein level for growth of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fry in a static water system. Aquaculture 93: 155-165.
Sargent, J.R.; Bell, J.G.; McEvoy, L.A.; Tocher, D. & Estevez, A. 1999. Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish. Aquaculture 177: 191-199.
Satpathy, B.B., Mukherjee, D. & Ray, A.K. 2003. Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed conversion and body composition in rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition 9: 17-24.
Shalaby, S.M.; El-Dakar, A.Y.; Wahbi, O.M. & Saoud, I.M. 2011. Growth, feed utilization and body composition of white sea bream, Diplodus sargus juveniles offered diets with various protein and energy levels. Marine Science 22: 3-17.
Shearer, K.D. 1994. Factors affecting the proximate composition of cultured fishes with emphasis on salmonids. Aquaculture 119: 63-88.
Skalli, A., Hidalgo, M.C., Abellan, E., Arizcun, M. & Cardenete, G. 2004. Effects of the dietary protein/lipid ratio on growth and nutrient utilization in common dentex (Dentex dentex L.) at different growth stages. Aquaculture 235: 1-11.
Tacon, A.G.J. 1993. Feed ingredients for warm water fish: fish meal and other feedstuffs. FAO Fisheries Circular, 856, FAO, Rome. 64 p.
Wang, F.; Han, H.; Wang, Y. & Ma, X. 2013. Growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus fed at different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition 19: 360-367.
Wang, Y.Y.; Ma, G.J.; Shi, Y.; Liu, D.S.; Guo, J.X., Yang, Y.H. & Chen, C.D. 2013. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed utilization and body composition in Pseudobagrus ussuriensis fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition 19: 390-398.
Yang, S.D.; Lin, T.S.; Liou, C.H. & Peng, H.K. 2003. Influence of dietary protein levels on growth performance, carcass composition and lipid classes of juvenile Spinibarbus hollandi (Oshima). Aquaculture Research 34: 661-666.
Yuan, Y.C.; Gong, S.Y.; Luo, Z.; Yang, H.J.; Zhang, G.B. & Chu, Z.J. 2010. Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Aquaculture Nutrition 16: 205-212.
Abdoli, A. 1999. The Inland Water Fishes of Iran. Natural and Wild Life Museum of Iran, Tehran, Iran, pp: 198-200. (In Farsi)
Ahmad, M.H. 2008. Response of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, to different dietary protein and lipid levels in practical diets. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 39: 541-548.
Ai, Q.; Mai, K.; Li, H.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, L.; Duan, Q.; Tan, B.; Xu, W.; Ma, H.; Zhang, W. & Liufu, Z. 2004. Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicas. Aquaculture 230: 507-516.
Ali, M.Z. & Jauncey, K. 2005. Approaches to optimizing dietary protein to energy ratio for African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Aquaculture Nutrition 11: 95-101.
Aliyu-Paiko, M.; Hashim, R. & Shu-Chien, A.C. 2010. Influence of dietary lipid/protein ratio on survival, growth, body indices and digestive lipase activity in Snakehead (Channa striatus, Bloch 1793) fry reared in re-circulating water system. Aquaculture Nutrition 16: 466-474.
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