Main Article Content
Abstract
The osteology of the suspensorial and opercular series in representatives of 49 genera and 41 families of eurypterygian fishes were studied. The suspensorium consists of the palatine, ectopterygoid, endopterygoid, metapterygoid, quadrate, symplectic, and hyomandibular bones. The hyomandibular foramen is present at the base of the anterior head. The opercular series consists of the preopercle, subopercle, interopercle, and opercle. In most Eurypterygii, the preopercle is L-shaped and bears an open or closed preoperculomandibular canal.
Keywords
Bone
Eurypterygii
Opercula
Osteology
Suspensorium.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
Keivany, Y. (2015). Comparative osteology of the suspensorial and opercular series in representatives of the eurypterygian fishes. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 1(2), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v1i2.16
References
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Baldwin, C.C. & Johnson. G.D. 1996. Interrelationships of Aulopiformes. In: Stiassny, M.L.J.; Parenti, R.L & Johnson G.D. (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego, USA. pp. 355-404.
Banister, K.E. 1970. The anatomy and taxonomy of Indostomus paradoxus Prashad & Mukerji. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology). 19: 179-209.
Bowne, P.S. 1985. The systematic position of Gasterosteiformes. PhD thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Bowne, P.S. 1994. Systematics and morphology of the Gasterosteiformes. In Bell, M.A. & Foster, S.A. (eds.), Evolutionary biology of the Threespine Stickleback, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 28-60.
Britz, R. & Conway, K.W. 2009. Osteology of Paedocypris, a miniature and highly developmentally truncated fish (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae). Journal of Morphology 270(4): 389-412.
Costa, W.J.E.M. 1998. Phylogeny and classification of the Cyprinodontiformes (Euteleostei: Atherinomorpha): a reappraisal, In Malabarba, L.R.; Reis, R.E.; Vari, R.P.; Lucena, Z.M.S. & Lucena, C.A.S. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. pp. 537-560.
Doyle, K.D. 1998. Osteology of Dactyloscopus tridigitatus (Dactyloscopidae: Blennioidei). Bulletin of Marine Science 63: 51-81.
Dyer, B.S. & Chernoff, B. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships among atheriniform fishes (Teleostei: Atherinomorpha). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 117: 1-69.
Eagderi, S. & Adriaens, D. 2014. Cephalic morphology of Ariosoma gilberti (Bathymyrinae: Congridae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(1): 39-50.
Ghanbarzadeh, M.; Soofiani, N.M.; Keivany, Y. & Taghavi-Motlagh, S.A. 2014. Use of otolith length and weight in age estimations of the kingsoldier bream, Argyrops spinifer, in the Persian Gulf. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(1): 1-6.
Ida, H. 1976. Removal of the family Hypoptychidae from the suborder Ammodytoidei, order Perciformes, to the suborder Gasterosteoidei, order Syngnathiformes. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 23: 33-42.
Johnson, G.D.; Baldwin, C.C.; Okiyama, M. & Tominaga, Y. 1996. Osteology and relationships of Pseudotrichonotus altivelis (Teleostei: Aulopiformes: Pseudotrichonotidae). Ichthyological Research 43: 17-45.
Johnson, G.D. & Patterson, C. 1993. Percomorph phylogeny: A survey of Acanthomorphs and a new proposal. Bulletin of Marine Science 52: 554-626.
Johnson, G.D. & Springer, V.G. 1997. Elassoma: another look, In: Abstracts of the 77th ASIH annual meeting, University of Washington, Seattle. p. 176.
Jones, W.J. & Quatrro, J.M. 1999. Phylogenetic affinities of pygmy sunfishes (Elassoma) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Copeia 1992: 470-474.
Jungerson, H.F.E. 1915. Some facts regarding the anatomy of the genus Pegasus. In Reports of the 84th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1914, Transactions Section D 6: 420-422.
Kanayama, T. 1991. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Agonidae (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes). Memoires of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 38: 1-199.
Keivany, Y. 1996. Taxonomic revision of the genus Pungitius with emphasis on P. hellenicus. MSc. thesis. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 98 pp.
Keivany, Y. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Gasterosteiformes (Teleostei, Percomorpha). PhD. thesis. Department of Biological Sciences. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 201 pp.
Keivany, Y. 2003. Superfacial skull bones in Zagros toothcarp, Aphanius vladykovi (Cyprinodontidae). Iranian Journal of Biology 15(3): 25-30.
Keivany, Y. 2014. Comparative osteology of the jaws in representatives of the eurypterygian fishes. Research in Zoology: Submitted.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 1998. Comparative osteology of the Greek ninespine stickleback, Pungitius hellenicus (Teleostei, Gasterosteidae). Journal of Ichthyology 38: 430-440.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 2000. Taxonomic review of the genus Pungitius, ninespine sticklebacks (Teleostei, Gasterosteidae). Cybium 24(2): 107-122.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae), with emphasis on ninespine sticklebacks (Pungitius spp.). Behaviour 141(11/12): 1485-1497.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 2006. Interrelationships of Gasterosteiformes (Actinopterygii, Percomorpha). Journal of Ichthyology 46(suppl. 1): S84-S96.
Keivany, Y.; Nelson, J.S. & Economidis, P.S. 1997. Validity of Pungitius hellenicus, a stickleback fish from Greece. Copeia 1997(3): 558-564.
Kotlyar, A.N. 1991a. Osteology of fish of the sub-order Stephanoberycoidei. 2. Melamphaidae. Journal of Ichthyology 31: 100-116.
Kotlyar, A.N. 1991b. Osteology of the suborder Stephanoberycoidei. Communication 1. The Stephanoberycidae and Gibberichthyidae. Journal of Ichthyology 31: 18-32.
Kotlyar, A.N. 1992. Osteology of Sorosichthys ananassa and its position in the systematics of Beryciform fishes (Beryciformes). Journal of Ichthyology 32: 56-68.
Mohr, E. 1937. Revision der Centriscidae (Acanthopterygii, Centrisciformes. Dana Report 13.
Nasri, M.; Keivany, Y. & Dorafshan, S. 2013. Comparative osteology of lotaks, Cyprinion kais and C. macrostomum (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), from Godarkhosh River, western Iran. Journal of Ichthyology 53(6): 455-463.
Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the world. Fourth edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 601 pp.
Olney, J.E.; Johnson, G.D. & Baldwin, C.C. 1993. Phylogeny of Lampridiform fishes. Bulletin of Marine Science 52: 137-169.
Orr, J.W. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of Gasterosteiform fishes (Teleostei: Acanthomorpha). PhD thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle. 813 pp.
Parenti, L.R. 1981. A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of Cyprinodontiform fishes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 168: 335-557.
Parenti, L.R. 1984. On the relationships of Phallostethid fishes (Atherinomorpha), with notes on the anatomy of Phallostethus dunckeri Regan, 1913. American Museum Novitates (2779): 1-12.
Parenti, L.R. 1993. Relationships of Atherinomorph fishes (Teleostei). Bulletin of Marine Science 52: 170-196.
Pietsch, T.W. 1978. Evolutionary relationships of the sea moths (Teleostei: Pegasidae) with a classification of gasterosteiform families. Copeia 1978: 517-529.
Rauchenberger, M. 1989. Systematics and biogeography of the genus Gambusia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). American Museum Novitates (2951): 1-74.
Rojo, A.L. 1991. Dictionary of Evolutionary Fish Osteology. CRC Press, London, UK.
Rosen, D.E. 1964. The relationships and taxonomic position of the halfbeaks, killifishes, silversides, and their relatives. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 127: 217-268.
Rosen, D.E. 1984. Zeiforms as primitive plectognath fishes. American Museum Novitates (2782): 1-45.
Rosen, D.E. & Greenwood, P.H. 1976. A fourth neotropical species of synbranchid eel and the phylogeny and systematics of synbranchiform fishes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 157: 1-67.
Rosen, D.E. & Parenti, L.R. 1981. Relationships of Oryzias, and the groups of Atherinomorph fishes. American Museum Novitates (2719): 1-25.
Shinohara, G. 1994. Comparative morphology and phylogeny of the suborder Hexagrammoidei and related taxa (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes). Memoires of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 41: 1-97.
Taylor, W.R. & Van Dyke, G.C. 1985. Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium 9: 107-119.
Travers, R.A. 1984. A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of synbranchiform teleost fishes: part I: anatomical description. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology). 46: 1-133.
Zehren, S.J. 1979. The comparative osteology and phylogeny of the Beryciformes (Pisces: Teleostei). Evolutionary Monographs (1): 1-389.
References
Baldwin, C.C. & Johnson. G.D. 1996. Interrelationships of Aulopiformes. In: Stiassny, M.L.J.; Parenti, R.L & Johnson G.D. (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego, USA. pp. 355-404.
Banister, K.E. 1970. The anatomy and taxonomy of Indostomus paradoxus Prashad & Mukerji. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology). 19: 179-209.
Bowne, P.S. 1985. The systematic position of Gasterosteiformes. PhD thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Bowne, P.S. 1994. Systematics and morphology of the Gasterosteiformes. In Bell, M.A. & Foster, S.A. (eds.), Evolutionary biology of the Threespine Stickleback, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 28-60.
Britz, R. & Conway, K.W. 2009. Osteology of Paedocypris, a miniature and highly developmentally truncated fish (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae). Journal of Morphology 270(4): 389-412.
Costa, W.J.E.M. 1998. Phylogeny and classification of the Cyprinodontiformes (Euteleostei: Atherinomorpha): a reappraisal, In Malabarba, L.R.; Reis, R.E.; Vari, R.P.; Lucena, Z.M.S. & Lucena, C.A.S. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. pp. 537-560.
Doyle, K.D. 1998. Osteology of Dactyloscopus tridigitatus (Dactyloscopidae: Blennioidei). Bulletin of Marine Science 63: 51-81.
Dyer, B.S. & Chernoff, B. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships among atheriniform fishes (Teleostei: Atherinomorpha). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 117: 1-69.
Eagderi, S. & Adriaens, D. 2014. Cephalic morphology of Ariosoma gilberti (Bathymyrinae: Congridae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(1): 39-50.
Ghanbarzadeh, M.; Soofiani, N.M.; Keivany, Y. & Taghavi-Motlagh, S.A. 2014. Use of otolith length and weight in age estimations of the kingsoldier bream, Argyrops spinifer, in the Persian Gulf. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(1): 1-6.
Ida, H. 1976. Removal of the family Hypoptychidae from the suborder Ammodytoidei, order Perciformes, to the suborder Gasterosteoidei, order Syngnathiformes. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 23: 33-42.
Johnson, G.D.; Baldwin, C.C.; Okiyama, M. & Tominaga, Y. 1996. Osteology and relationships of Pseudotrichonotus altivelis (Teleostei: Aulopiformes: Pseudotrichonotidae). Ichthyological Research 43: 17-45.
Johnson, G.D. & Patterson, C. 1993. Percomorph phylogeny: A survey of Acanthomorphs and a new proposal. Bulletin of Marine Science 52: 554-626.
Johnson, G.D. & Springer, V.G. 1997. Elassoma: another look, In: Abstracts of the 77th ASIH annual meeting, University of Washington, Seattle. p. 176.
Jones, W.J. & Quatrro, J.M. 1999. Phylogenetic affinities of pygmy sunfishes (Elassoma) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Copeia 1992: 470-474.
Jungerson, H.F.E. 1915. Some facts regarding the anatomy of the genus Pegasus. In Reports of the 84th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1914, Transactions Section D 6: 420-422.
Kanayama, T. 1991. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Agonidae (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes). Memoires of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 38: 1-199.
Keivany, Y. 1996. Taxonomic revision of the genus Pungitius with emphasis on P. hellenicus. MSc. thesis. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 98 pp.
Keivany, Y. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Gasterosteiformes (Teleostei, Percomorpha). PhD. thesis. Department of Biological Sciences. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 201 pp.
Keivany, Y. 2003. Superfacial skull bones in Zagros toothcarp, Aphanius vladykovi (Cyprinodontidae). Iranian Journal of Biology 15(3): 25-30.
Keivany, Y. 2014. Comparative osteology of the jaws in representatives of the eurypterygian fishes. Research in Zoology: Submitted.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 1998. Comparative osteology of the Greek ninespine stickleback, Pungitius hellenicus (Teleostei, Gasterosteidae). Journal of Ichthyology 38: 430-440.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 2000. Taxonomic review of the genus Pungitius, ninespine sticklebacks (Teleostei, Gasterosteidae). Cybium 24(2): 107-122.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae), with emphasis on ninespine sticklebacks (Pungitius spp.). Behaviour 141(11/12): 1485-1497.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 2006. Interrelationships of Gasterosteiformes (Actinopterygii, Percomorpha). Journal of Ichthyology 46(suppl. 1): S84-S96.
Keivany, Y.; Nelson, J.S. & Economidis, P.S. 1997. Validity of Pungitius hellenicus, a stickleback fish from Greece. Copeia 1997(3): 558-564.
Kotlyar, A.N. 1991a. Osteology of fish of the sub-order Stephanoberycoidei. 2. Melamphaidae. Journal of Ichthyology 31: 100-116.
Kotlyar, A.N. 1991b. Osteology of the suborder Stephanoberycoidei. Communication 1. The Stephanoberycidae and Gibberichthyidae. Journal of Ichthyology 31: 18-32.
Kotlyar, A.N. 1992. Osteology of Sorosichthys ananassa and its position in the systematics of Beryciform fishes (Beryciformes). Journal of Ichthyology 32: 56-68.
Mohr, E. 1937. Revision der Centriscidae (Acanthopterygii, Centrisciformes. Dana Report 13.
Nasri, M.; Keivany, Y. & Dorafshan, S. 2013. Comparative osteology of lotaks, Cyprinion kais and C. macrostomum (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), from Godarkhosh River, western Iran. Journal of Ichthyology 53(6): 455-463.
Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the world. Fourth edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 601 pp.
Olney, J.E.; Johnson, G.D. & Baldwin, C.C. 1993. Phylogeny of Lampridiform fishes. Bulletin of Marine Science 52: 137-169.
Orr, J.W. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of Gasterosteiform fishes (Teleostei: Acanthomorpha). PhD thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle. 813 pp.
Parenti, L.R. 1981. A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of Cyprinodontiform fishes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 168: 335-557.
Parenti, L.R. 1984. On the relationships of Phallostethid fishes (Atherinomorpha), with notes on the anatomy of Phallostethus dunckeri Regan, 1913. American Museum Novitates (2779): 1-12.
Parenti, L.R. 1993. Relationships of Atherinomorph fishes (Teleostei). Bulletin of Marine Science 52: 170-196.
Pietsch, T.W. 1978. Evolutionary relationships of the sea moths (Teleostei: Pegasidae) with a classification of gasterosteiform families. Copeia 1978: 517-529.
Rauchenberger, M. 1989. Systematics and biogeography of the genus Gambusia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). American Museum Novitates (2951): 1-74.
Rojo, A.L. 1991. Dictionary of Evolutionary Fish Osteology. CRC Press, London, UK.
Rosen, D.E. 1964. The relationships and taxonomic position of the halfbeaks, killifishes, silversides, and their relatives. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 127: 217-268.
Rosen, D.E. 1984. Zeiforms as primitive plectognath fishes. American Museum Novitates (2782): 1-45.
Rosen, D.E. & Greenwood, P.H. 1976. A fourth neotropical species of synbranchid eel and the phylogeny and systematics of synbranchiform fishes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 157: 1-67.
Rosen, D.E. & Parenti, L.R. 1981. Relationships of Oryzias, and the groups of Atherinomorph fishes. American Museum Novitates (2719): 1-25.
Shinohara, G. 1994. Comparative morphology and phylogeny of the suborder Hexagrammoidei and related taxa (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes). Memoires of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 41: 1-97.
Taylor, W.R. & Van Dyke, G.C. 1985. Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium 9: 107-119.
Travers, R.A. 1984. A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of synbranchiform teleost fishes: part I: anatomical description. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology). 46: 1-133.
Zehren, S.J. 1979. The comparative osteology and phylogeny of the Beryciformes (Pisces: Teleostei). Evolutionary Monographs (1): 1-389.
Banister, K.E. 1970. The anatomy and taxonomy of Indostomus paradoxus Prashad & Mukerji. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology). 19: 179-209.
Bowne, P.S. 1985. The systematic position of Gasterosteiformes. PhD thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Bowne, P.S. 1994. Systematics and morphology of the Gasterosteiformes. In Bell, M.A. & Foster, S.A. (eds.), Evolutionary biology of the Threespine Stickleback, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 28-60.
Britz, R. & Conway, K.W. 2009. Osteology of Paedocypris, a miniature and highly developmentally truncated fish (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae). Journal of Morphology 270(4): 389-412.
Costa, W.J.E.M. 1998. Phylogeny and classification of the Cyprinodontiformes (Euteleostei: Atherinomorpha): a reappraisal, In Malabarba, L.R.; Reis, R.E.; Vari, R.P.; Lucena, Z.M.S. & Lucena, C.A.S. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. pp. 537-560.
Doyle, K.D. 1998. Osteology of Dactyloscopus tridigitatus (Dactyloscopidae: Blennioidei). Bulletin of Marine Science 63: 51-81.
Dyer, B.S. & Chernoff, B. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships among atheriniform fishes (Teleostei: Atherinomorpha). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 117: 1-69.
Eagderi, S. & Adriaens, D. 2014. Cephalic morphology of Ariosoma gilberti (Bathymyrinae: Congridae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(1): 39-50.
Ghanbarzadeh, M.; Soofiani, N.M.; Keivany, Y. & Taghavi-Motlagh, S.A. 2014. Use of otolith length and weight in age estimations of the kingsoldier bream, Argyrops spinifer, in the Persian Gulf. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(1): 1-6.
Ida, H. 1976. Removal of the family Hypoptychidae from the suborder Ammodytoidei, order Perciformes, to the suborder Gasterosteoidei, order Syngnathiformes. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 23: 33-42.
Johnson, G.D.; Baldwin, C.C.; Okiyama, M. & Tominaga, Y. 1996. Osteology and relationships of Pseudotrichonotus altivelis (Teleostei: Aulopiformes: Pseudotrichonotidae). Ichthyological Research 43: 17-45.
Johnson, G.D. & Patterson, C. 1993. Percomorph phylogeny: A survey of Acanthomorphs and a new proposal. Bulletin of Marine Science 52: 554-626.
Johnson, G.D. & Springer, V.G. 1997. Elassoma: another look, In: Abstracts of the 77th ASIH annual meeting, University of Washington, Seattle. p. 176.
Jones, W.J. & Quatrro, J.M. 1999. Phylogenetic affinities of pygmy sunfishes (Elassoma) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Copeia 1992: 470-474.
Jungerson, H.F.E. 1915. Some facts regarding the anatomy of the genus Pegasus. In Reports of the 84th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1914, Transactions Section D 6: 420-422.
Kanayama, T. 1991. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Agonidae (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes). Memoires of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 38: 1-199.
Keivany, Y. 1996. Taxonomic revision of the genus Pungitius with emphasis on P. hellenicus. MSc. thesis. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 98 pp.
Keivany, Y. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Gasterosteiformes (Teleostei, Percomorpha). PhD. thesis. Department of Biological Sciences. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 201 pp.
Keivany, Y. 2003. Superfacial skull bones in Zagros toothcarp, Aphanius vladykovi (Cyprinodontidae). Iranian Journal of Biology 15(3): 25-30.
Keivany, Y. 2014. Comparative osteology of the jaws in representatives of the eurypterygian fishes. Research in Zoology: Submitted.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 1998. Comparative osteology of the Greek ninespine stickleback, Pungitius hellenicus (Teleostei, Gasterosteidae). Journal of Ichthyology 38: 430-440.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 2000. Taxonomic review of the genus Pungitius, ninespine sticklebacks (Teleostei, Gasterosteidae). Cybium 24(2): 107-122.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae), with emphasis on ninespine sticklebacks (Pungitius spp.). Behaviour 141(11/12): 1485-1497.
Keivany, Y. & Nelson, J.S. 2006. Interrelationships of Gasterosteiformes (Actinopterygii, Percomorpha). Journal of Ichthyology 46(suppl. 1): S84-S96.
Keivany, Y.; Nelson, J.S. & Economidis, P.S. 1997. Validity of Pungitius hellenicus, a stickleback fish from Greece. Copeia 1997(3): 558-564.
Kotlyar, A.N. 1991a. Osteology of fish of the sub-order Stephanoberycoidei. 2. Melamphaidae. Journal of Ichthyology 31: 100-116.
Kotlyar, A.N. 1991b. Osteology of the suborder Stephanoberycoidei. Communication 1. The Stephanoberycidae and Gibberichthyidae. Journal of Ichthyology 31: 18-32.
Kotlyar, A.N. 1992. Osteology of Sorosichthys ananassa and its position in the systematics of Beryciform fishes (Beryciformes). Journal of Ichthyology 32: 56-68.
Mohr, E. 1937. Revision der Centriscidae (Acanthopterygii, Centrisciformes. Dana Report 13.
Nasri, M.; Keivany, Y. & Dorafshan, S. 2013. Comparative osteology of lotaks, Cyprinion kais and C. macrostomum (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), from Godarkhosh River, western Iran. Journal of Ichthyology 53(6): 455-463.
Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the world. Fourth edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 601 pp.
Olney, J.E.; Johnson, G.D. & Baldwin, C.C. 1993. Phylogeny of Lampridiform fishes. Bulletin of Marine Science 52: 137-169.
Orr, J.W. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of Gasterosteiform fishes (Teleostei: Acanthomorpha). PhD thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle. 813 pp.
Parenti, L.R. 1981. A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of Cyprinodontiform fishes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 168: 335-557.
Parenti, L.R. 1984. On the relationships of Phallostethid fishes (Atherinomorpha), with notes on the anatomy of Phallostethus dunckeri Regan, 1913. American Museum Novitates (2779): 1-12.
Parenti, L.R. 1993. Relationships of Atherinomorph fishes (Teleostei). Bulletin of Marine Science 52: 170-196.
Pietsch, T.W. 1978. Evolutionary relationships of the sea moths (Teleostei: Pegasidae) with a classification of gasterosteiform families. Copeia 1978: 517-529.
Rauchenberger, M. 1989. Systematics and biogeography of the genus Gambusia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). American Museum Novitates (2951): 1-74.
Rojo, A.L. 1991. Dictionary of Evolutionary Fish Osteology. CRC Press, London, UK.
Rosen, D.E. 1964. The relationships and taxonomic position of the halfbeaks, killifishes, silversides, and their relatives. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 127: 217-268.
Rosen, D.E. 1984. Zeiforms as primitive plectognath fishes. American Museum Novitates (2782): 1-45.
Rosen, D.E. & Greenwood, P.H. 1976. A fourth neotropical species of synbranchid eel and the phylogeny and systematics of synbranchiform fishes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 157: 1-67.
Rosen, D.E. & Parenti, L.R. 1981. Relationships of Oryzias, and the groups of Atherinomorph fishes. American Museum Novitates (2719): 1-25.
Shinohara, G. 1994. Comparative morphology and phylogeny of the suborder Hexagrammoidei and related taxa (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes). Memoires of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 41: 1-97.
Taylor, W.R. & Van Dyke, G.C. 1985. Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium 9: 107-119.
Travers, R.A. 1984. A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of synbranchiform teleost fishes: part I: anatomical description. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology). 46: 1-133.
Zehren, S.J. 1979. The comparative osteology and phylogeny of the Beryciformes (Pisces: Teleostei). Evolutionary Monographs (1): 1-389.