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Abstract
This study aimed to study the effect of the reverse osmosis bottled water storage on its bacteriological, chemical and physical properties. After storing the bottled water for 90 days, the number of bacteria decreased from 49 to 9 CFU/1ml for aerobic bacteria and 3.6-1.1 MPN/100ml for the total number of total coliform. Fecal coliform and Escherichia coli for laboratory W1 ranged 7-16CFU/1ml for the total number of aerobic bacteria and from 1.1-2.2 MPN/100ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the W3 laboratory. After 90 days of storage, an increase in temperature (20.8-43°C), decrease in pH (5-5.4), a high conductivity (125.1-119µS/cm), a rise in dissolved solid salts (77.4-81.2) and total hardness (24.2_29.1) were recorded. Calcium (9.8-12.7), magnesium (3.5-6.5), chlorides (14.7-18.1), sulfate (3.3-5.0), sodium (8.7-12.3), potassium (0.1-0.4) and high nitrate (0.6-3.3) mg/l also were recorded. The bacterial numbers increased during storage process and the storage process also affected all the physical and chemical properties of the bottled water bottles. The results showed significant differences between the studied laboratories as well as between the months at the level. It also showed significant differences between the bacterial and physicochemical treats after 30, 60 and 90 days.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
JAWAD, H. J., KADHUM, N. H., & ABDUL-HASSAN, S. S. (2022). The effect of the reverse osmosis bottled water storage on its bacteriological, chemical and physical properties. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9, 11–19. Retrieved from https://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/10022-2
References
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Abdudu, B.D.; Samuel, J.C. & Mark, O.A. 2013. Effect of storage on the quality of sachet-vended water in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. Journal of Environmental Protection 4(6): 33400.
Adedire, O.M.; Atere, A.; Ogundipe, W.F. & Farinu, A.O. 2021; Effects of direct and indirect sunlight on polythene packs, sensory, microbial and chemical properties of sachet water. Journal of Advances in Biology and Biotechnology 24(1): 25-34,
Adekunle, L.V.; Sridhar, M.K.; Ajayi, A.A.; Oluwade, P.A. & Olawuyi, J I. 2004. An assessment of the health and social economic implications of sachet water in Ibadan Nigeria: A public health challenge. African Journal of Biomedical Research 7: 5-8.
Ajekunle, Z.O.; Ojekunle, V.O.; Eruola, A.O.; Oyebanji, F.F.; Olatunde, K.A.; Amujo, B.T.; Sangowusi, O.R.; Adekttan, A.A. & Taiwo, A.G. 2015. The effects of storage on sachet water quality in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 19(2): 183-189.
Akharame, M.O.; Ekhosuehi, A.; Okolafor, F.I. & Sadoh, K.A. 2018. Effects of sunlight exposure on the quality parameters of bottled water. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 22(5): 769-774.
Al-Sulaiman, M.A.; Al-Duaij, O.K. & Aboukarima, A. 2015. Effect of storage time and location on physicochemical properties of domestic bottled drinking water brands in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 14(1): 133.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 541 p.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2003. American Public Health Association. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 20th, Ed. Washington DC, USA.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2017. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. American Public Health Association, Washington DC, USA.
Daffi, R.E. & Wamyil, F.B. 2021. Evaluation of changes in some physico-chemical properties of bottled water exposed to sunlight in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Drinking Water Engineering and Science 14(1): 73-80.
Diduch, M.; Polkowska, Ż. & Namieśnik, J. 2013. Factors affecting the quality of bottled water. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 23(2): 111-119.
Drink water advisory, Consumer acceptability advice and health effects analysis on sulfate. 2003. Health and ecological criteria division, Washington, D.C. pp: 4-34).
Edberg, S.C.; Rice, E.W.; Karlin, R.J. & Allen, M.J. 2000. Escherichia coli: the best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88: 106S-116S.
Food and Drug Administration, Beverage (FDA). 1995. Bottled water; Final Rule.103: 60:57075-57130.
Gerla, S.R.; Lloyd, M.A.; Eggett, D.L. & Pike, O.A 2015. Microbial and chemical safety of non-commercially packaged water stored for emergency use. Journal of Water and Health 13(3): 819-826.
Isikwue, M.O. & Chikezie, A. 2014. Quality assessment of various sachet water brands marketed in Bauchi metropolis of Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 6(6): 2489-2495.
Jawad, H.J. & ALrufaye, Z.T.A. 2020. Ecological study of diatoms community of Al Hussainya River in Kerbala City Iraq. In AIP Conference Proceedings. 2290(1): 020010.
Jawad, H.J.; Alrufaye, Z.T.A. & Ahmed, H.J. 2021. The concentration of some trace metals elements in water and tilapia zilli, Coptodon zillii, gills and muscle in rearing ponds of Kerbala region, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 8: 255-266.
Muhamad, S.G.; Esmail, L.S. & Hasan, S.H. 2011. Effect of storage temperature and sunlight exposure on the physicochemical properties of bottled water in Kurdistan region-Iraq. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 15(1): 1.
Ohwo, O. 2018. The impact of storage on the quality of sachet water produced in Amassoma, Nigeria. The Sun 10(5): 1.
Ojekunle, Z.O. & Adeleke, J.T. 2017. The effect of storage on physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics of sachet and bottled water marketed in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 21(6): 1203-1211.
Samadi, M.T.; Rahmani, A.R.; Sedehi, M. & Sonboli N.B.S. 2009. Evaluation of chemical quality in 17 brands of Iranian bottled drinking waters. Journal of Research in Health Sciences 9(2): 25-31.
Shahryari, A.; Smith, C.D. & Amini, A. 2020. Degradation of bacterial water quality in drinking water after bottling. The Open Microbiology Journal 14(1): 7.
Woods, C.A. 2010. Effect of Varying Storage Temperatures and Vendor Handling Practices on the Microbiological Quality of Street Sold Water in Kumasi Metropolis, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana, Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Kumasi.
World Health Organization (WHO.) 2006. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3th edition; (1), Recommendations, World Health Organization Geneva.
World’s Water. 2010. Per capita bottled water consumption by top countries. Available from: www.worldwater. (Accessed October 2011).
References
Abdudu, B.D.; Samuel, J.C. & Mark, O.A. 2013. Effect of storage on the quality of sachet-vended water in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. Journal of Environmental Protection 4(6): 33400.
Adedire, O.M.; Atere, A.; Ogundipe, W.F. & Farinu, A.O. 2021; Effects of direct and indirect sunlight on polythene packs, sensory, microbial and chemical properties of sachet water. Journal of Advances in Biology and Biotechnology 24(1): 25-34,
Adekunle, L.V.; Sridhar, M.K.; Ajayi, A.A.; Oluwade, P.A. & Olawuyi, J I. 2004. An assessment of the health and social economic implications of sachet water in Ibadan Nigeria: A public health challenge. African Journal of Biomedical Research 7: 5-8.
Ajekunle, Z.O.; Ojekunle, V.O.; Eruola, A.O.; Oyebanji, F.F.; Olatunde, K.A.; Amujo, B.T.; Sangowusi, O.R.; Adekttan, A.A. & Taiwo, A.G. 2015. The effects of storage on sachet water quality in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 19(2): 183-189.
Akharame, M.O.; Ekhosuehi, A.; Okolafor, F.I. & Sadoh, K.A. 2018. Effects of sunlight exposure on the quality parameters of bottled water. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 22(5): 769-774.
Al-Sulaiman, M.A.; Al-Duaij, O.K. & Aboukarima, A. 2015. Effect of storage time and location on physicochemical properties of domestic bottled drinking water brands in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 14(1): 133.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 541 p.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2003. American Public Health Association. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 20th, Ed. Washington DC, USA.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2017. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. American Public Health Association, Washington DC, USA.
Daffi, R.E. & Wamyil, F.B. 2021. Evaluation of changes in some physico-chemical properties of bottled water exposed to sunlight in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Drinking Water Engineering and Science 14(1): 73-80.
Diduch, M.; Polkowska, Ż. & Namieśnik, J. 2013. Factors affecting the quality of bottled water. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 23(2): 111-119.
Drink water advisory, Consumer acceptability advice and health effects analysis on sulfate. 2003. Health and ecological criteria division, Washington, D.C. pp: 4-34).
Edberg, S.C.; Rice, E.W.; Karlin, R.J. & Allen, M.J. 2000. Escherichia coli: the best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88: 106S-116S.
Food and Drug Administration, Beverage (FDA). 1995. Bottled water; Final Rule.103: 60:57075-57130.
Gerla, S.R.; Lloyd, M.A.; Eggett, D.L. & Pike, O.A 2015. Microbial and chemical safety of non-commercially packaged water stored for emergency use. Journal of Water and Health 13(3): 819-826.
Isikwue, M.O. & Chikezie, A. 2014. Quality assessment of various sachet water brands marketed in Bauchi metropolis of Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 6(6): 2489-2495.
Jawad, H.J. & ALrufaye, Z.T.A. 2020. Ecological study of diatoms community of Al Hussainya River in Kerbala City Iraq. In AIP Conference Proceedings. 2290(1): 020010.
Jawad, H.J.; Alrufaye, Z.T.A. & Ahmed, H.J. 2021. The concentration of some trace metals elements in water and tilapia zilli, Coptodon zillii, gills and muscle in rearing ponds of Kerbala region, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 8: 255-266.
Muhamad, S.G.; Esmail, L.S. & Hasan, S.H. 2011. Effect of storage temperature and sunlight exposure on the physicochemical properties of bottled water in Kurdistan region-Iraq. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 15(1): 1.
Ohwo, O. 2018. The impact of storage on the quality of sachet water produced in Amassoma, Nigeria. The Sun 10(5): 1.
Ojekunle, Z.O. & Adeleke, J.T. 2017. The effect of storage on physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics of sachet and bottled water marketed in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 21(6): 1203-1211.
Samadi, M.T.; Rahmani, A.R.; Sedehi, M. & Sonboli N.B.S. 2009. Evaluation of chemical quality in 17 brands of Iranian bottled drinking waters. Journal of Research in Health Sciences 9(2): 25-31.
Shahryari, A.; Smith, C.D. & Amini, A. 2020. Degradation of bacterial water quality in drinking water after bottling. The Open Microbiology Journal 14(1): 7.
Woods, C.A. 2010. Effect of Varying Storage Temperatures and Vendor Handling Practices on the Microbiological Quality of Street Sold Water in Kumasi Metropolis, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana, Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Kumasi.
World Health Organization (WHO.) 2006. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3th edition; (1), Recommendations, World Health Organization Geneva.
World’s Water. 2010. Per capita bottled water consumption by top countries. Available from: www.worldwater. (Accessed October 2011).
Adedire, O.M.; Atere, A.; Ogundipe, W.F. & Farinu, A.O. 2021; Effects of direct and indirect sunlight on polythene packs, sensory, microbial and chemical properties of sachet water. Journal of Advances in Biology and Biotechnology 24(1): 25-34,
Adekunle, L.V.; Sridhar, M.K.; Ajayi, A.A.; Oluwade, P.A. & Olawuyi, J I. 2004. An assessment of the health and social economic implications of sachet water in Ibadan Nigeria: A public health challenge. African Journal of Biomedical Research 7: 5-8.
Ajekunle, Z.O.; Ojekunle, V.O.; Eruola, A.O.; Oyebanji, F.F.; Olatunde, K.A.; Amujo, B.T.; Sangowusi, O.R.; Adekttan, A.A. & Taiwo, A.G. 2015. The effects of storage on sachet water quality in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 19(2): 183-189.
Akharame, M.O.; Ekhosuehi, A.; Okolafor, F.I. & Sadoh, K.A. 2018. Effects of sunlight exposure on the quality parameters of bottled water. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 22(5): 769-774.
Al-Sulaiman, M.A.; Al-Duaij, O.K. & Aboukarima, A. 2015. Effect of storage time and location on physicochemical properties of domestic bottled drinking water brands in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 14(1): 133.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 541 p.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2003. American Public Health Association. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 20th, Ed. Washington DC, USA.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2017. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. American Public Health Association, Washington DC, USA.
Daffi, R.E. & Wamyil, F.B. 2021. Evaluation of changes in some physico-chemical properties of bottled water exposed to sunlight in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Drinking Water Engineering and Science 14(1): 73-80.
Diduch, M.; Polkowska, Ż. & Namieśnik, J. 2013. Factors affecting the quality of bottled water. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 23(2): 111-119.
Drink water advisory, Consumer acceptability advice and health effects analysis on sulfate. 2003. Health and ecological criteria division, Washington, D.C. pp: 4-34).
Edberg, S.C.; Rice, E.W.; Karlin, R.J. & Allen, M.J. 2000. Escherichia coli: the best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88: 106S-116S.
Food and Drug Administration, Beverage (FDA). 1995. Bottled water; Final Rule.103: 60:57075-57130.
Gerla, S.R.; Lloyd, M.A.; Eggett, D.L. & Pike, O.A 2015. Microbial and chemical safety of non-commercially packaged water stored for emergency use. Journal of Water and Health 13(3): 819-826.
Isikwue, M.O. & Chikezie, A. 2014. Quality assessment of various sachet water brands marketed in Bauchi metropolis of Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 6(6): 2489-2495.
Jawad, H.J. & ALrufaye, Z.T.A. 2020. Ecological study of diatoms community of Al Hussainya River in Kerbala City Iraq. In AIP Conference Proceedings. 2290(1): 020010.
Jawad, H.J.; Alrufaye, Z.T.A. & Ahmed, H.J. 2021. The concentration of some trace metals elements in water and tilapia zilli, Coptodon zillii, gills and muscle in rearing ponds of Kerbala region, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 8: 255-266.
Muhamad, S.G.; Esmail, L.S. & Hasan, S.H. 2011. Effect of storage temperature and sunlight exposure on the physicochemical properties of bottled water in Kurdistan region-Iraq. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 15(1): 1.
Ohwo, O. 2018. The impact of storage on the quality of sachet water produced in Amassoma, Nigeria. The Sun 10(5): 1.
Ojekunle, Z.O. & Adeleke, J.T. 2017. The effect of storage on physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics of sachet and bottled water marketed in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 21(6): 1203-1211.
Samadi, M.T.; Rahmani, A.R.; Sedehi, M. & Sonboli N.B.S. 2009. Evaluation of chemical quality in 17 brands of Iranian bottled drinking waters. Journal of Research in Health Sciences 9(2): 25-31.
Shahryari, A.; Smith, C.D. & Amini, A. 2020. Degradation of bacterial water quality in drinking water after bottling. The Open Microbiology Journal 14(1): 7.
Woods, C.A. 2010. Effect of Varying Storage Temperatures and Vendor Handling Practices on the Microbiological Quality of Street Sold Water in Kumasi Metropolis, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana, Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Kumasi.
World Health Organization (WHO.) 2006. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3th edition; (1), Recommendations, World Health Organization Geneva.
World’s Water. 2010. Per capita bottled water consumption by top countries. Available from: www.worldwater. (Accessed October 2011).