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Abstract
Stonefish (Pseudosynanceia melanostigma), a species of the family Synanceiidae, which is considered the most venomous fish and a source of potential pharmaceuticals, is found in the muddy bottoms of the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf. This study presents the first barcode sequences of P. melanostigma in global gene databases from the Persian Gulf. The specimens were identified based on morphological characteristics as well as DNA barcoding based on the COI gene. The present record of this species as a reference in gene databases adds to our knowledge of the biodiversity of fish globally and could be used as an effective tool in the future for the accurate identification of fish at any stage of the life cycle or even for the identification of this species in other regions.
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The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
References
- Afrand, M. & Sourinejad, I. 2023. Morphological Identification and DNA Barcoding Confirm the Discovery of Ambassis dussumieri (Ambassidae) in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Ichthyology 63: 1072-1079.
- Afrand, M.; Sourinejad, I.; Fazeli, S.A.S.; Akbarzadeh, A.; Yeganeh, L.P.; Sadeghi, M. & Azarbaijani, R. 2020. Morphological identification and molecular validation of anchovies (Engraulidae) in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Zootaxa 4742(2): 375-391.
- Babaie, M.; Zolfagharian, H.; Zolfaghari, M. & Jamili, S. 2019. Biochemical, hematological effects and complications of Pseudosynanceia melanostigma envenoming. Journal of Pharmacopuncture 22(3): 140-146.
- Batta-Lona, P.G.; Galindo-Sánchez, C.E.; Arteaga, M.C.; Robles-Flores, J. & Jiménez-Rosenberg, S.P.A. 2019. DNA barcoding and morphological taxonomy: identification of lanternfish (Myctophidae) larvae in the Gulf of Mexico. Mitochondrial DNA Part A 30(2): 375-383.
- Carpenter, K.E. 1997. Living marine resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 293 p.
- Eagderi, S.; Fricke, R.; Esmaeili, H.R. & Jalili, P. 2019. Annotated checklist of the fishes of the Persian Gulf: Diversity and conservation status. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 6(Suppl. 1): 1-171.
- Endo, S.; Hibino, Y. & Mochioka, N. 2022. Identification of first recorded ophichthid larvae of Ophichthus celebicus and O. macrochir (Anguilliformes; Ophichthidae) from Japan, based on morphometric and genetic evidence. Ichthyological Research 69(3): 393-398.
- Esmaeili, H.R.; Zarei, F.; Sholeh, V.; Sadeghi, Y.; Sadeghi, R. & Fricke, R. 2022. Morphological analysis and DNA barcoding confirm presence of a cryptic fish species, the blotched triplefin, Enneapterygius ventermaculus (Teleostei: Blenniiformes: Tripterygiidae), at Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 9(1): 1-10.
- Fadli, N.; Mohd Nor, S.A.; Othman A.S.; Sofyan, H. & Muchlisin Z.A. 2020. DNA barcoding of commercially important reef fishes in Weh Island, Aceh, Indonesia. PeerJ 5(8): e9641.
- Fischer, W. & Bianchi, G. Editors, 1984. Western Indian Ocean: Fishing Area 51. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
- Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. & R. van der Laan (eds) 2023. Eschmeyers Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp).
- Froese, R. & D. Pauly. Editors. 2024. FishBase. Synanceiidae Swainson, 1839. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154251 on 2024-01-06
- Harrington, F. 1976. Surveys of the southern Iranian coastline with recommendations for additional marine reserves in promotion of the establishment of marine parks and reserves in the Northern Indian Ocean, Red Sea and Persian Gulf. IUCN Publ New Series 35: 50-75.
- Hebert, P.D.; Cywinska, A.; Ball, S.L. & DeWaard, J.R. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 270 (1512): 313-321.
- Hebert, P.D.; Stoeckle, M.Y.; Zemlak, T.S. & Francis, C.M. 2004. Identification of birds through DNA barcodes. PLoS Biology 2(10): e312.
- Imamura, H. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships and new classification of the superfamily Scorpaenoidea (Actinopterygii: Perciformes). Species Diversity 9(1): 1-36.
- Kainama, J.; Louraine, T.; Wijayanti, D.P.; Sabdono, A. & Dirgantara, D. 2023. DNA Barcoding and Morphological Characters of Two Trevally Fish species (Caranx spp.) Collected from Youtefa Bay, Papua, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences/Ilmu Kelautan 28(1): 97.
- Kim, H.W.; Alam, M.J.; Kim, A.R.; Park, H. & Andriyono, S. 2019. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome for the grey stingfish Minous monodactylus (Scorpaeniformes: Synanceiidae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4(1): 1377-1378.
- Kim, H.W.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, J.H.; Jeong, M.H.; Ji, S.C.; Kim, M.S.; Myeong, J.I. & Kim, D.J. 2020. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis for Inimicus japonicus (Scorpaeniformes: Synanceiidae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B 5(3): 3141-3142.
- Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16(2): 111-120.
- Meyer, C.P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79(3): 401-459.
- Mirshamsi, M.; Vazirizadeh, A.; Omranipour, R.; Fakhri, A.; Aghvami, M.; Naserzadeh, P.; Zangeneh, F. & Pourahmad, J. 2017. Persian Gulf stonefish (Pseudosynanceia melanostigma) venom fractions selectively induce apoptosis on cancerous hepatocytes from hepatocellular carcinoma through ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Hepatitis Monthly 17(11): e11842.
- Osmany, H.B. & Moazzam, M. 2018. Review of stonefishes of family Synanceidae from Pakistan with a new record of Synanceia nana Eschmeyer and Rama-Rao, 1973. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 15: 173-184.
- Ramezani, M.; Samiei, F. & Pourahmad, J. 2021. Anti-glioma effect of pseudosynanceia melanostigma venom on isolated mitochondria from glioblastoma cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 22(7): 2295-2302.
- Saggiomo, S.L.; Firth, C.; Wilson, D.T.; Seymour, J.; Miles, J.J. & Wong, Y. 2021. The geographic distribution, venom components, pathology and treatments of stonefish (Synanceia spp.) venom. Marine Drugs 19(6): 302.
- Shirak, A.; Dor, L.; Seroussi, E.; Ron, M.; Hulata, G. & Golani, D. 2016. DNA barcoding of fish species from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Mediterranean Marine Science 17(2): 459-466.
- Steinke, D.; Zemlak, T.S. & Hebert, P.D. 2009. Barcoding Nemo: DNA-based identifications for the ornamental fish trade. PLoS One 4(7): e6300.
- Smith, W.L.; Everman, E. & Richardson, C. 2018. Phylogeny and taxonomy of flatheads, scorpionfishes, sea robins, and stonefishes (Percomorpha: Scorpaeniformes) and the evolution of the lachrymal saber. Copeia 106(1): 94-119.
- Tamura, K.; Stecher, G. & Kumar, S. 2021. MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Molecular Biology Evolution 38(7): 3022-3027.
- Ude, G.N.; Igwe, D.O.; Brown, C.; Jackson, M.; Bangura, A.; Ozokonkwo-Alor, O.; Ihearahu, O.C.; Chosen, O.; Okoro, M.; Ene, C. & Chieze, V. 2020. DNA barcoding for identification of fish species from freshwater in Enugu and Anambra States of Nigeria. Conservation Genetics Resources 12: 643-658.
- Vazirizadeh, A.; Naderi-Manesh, H.; Bargahi, A.; Nabipour, I. & Mohebbi, G.H. 2014. Impacts of Persian Gulf blackfin stonefish crude venom on the haematological factors and serum enzymes levels of laboratory rat. Iranian South Medical Journal 17(4): 723-732.
- Zhang, J.; Xu, L.; Du, F.; Tang, Q.; Wang, L.; Ning, J.; Huang, D.; Li, Y.; Liu, S. & Wang, X. 2023. DNA barcoding of marine fish species in the waters surrounding Hainan Island, northern South China Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science 10: 1249073.
References
Afrand, M. & Sourinejad, I. 2023. Morphological Identification and DNA Barcoding Confirm the Discovery of Ambassis dussumieri (Ambassidae) in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Ichthyology 63: 1072-1079.
Afrand, M.; Sourinejad, I.; Fazeli, S.A.S.; Akbarzadeh, A.; Yeganeh, L.P.; Sadeghi, M. & Azarbaijani, R. 2020. Morphological identification and molecular validation of anchovies (Engraulidae) in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Zootaxa 4742(2): 375-391.
Babaie, M.; Zolfagharian, H.; Zolfaghari, M. & Jamili, S. 2019. Biochemical, hematological effects and complications of Pseudosynanceia melanostigma envenoming. Journal of Pharmacopuncture 22(3): 140-146.
Batta-Lona, P.G.; Galindo-Sánchez, C.E.; Arteaga, M.C.; Robles-Flores, J. & Jiménez-Rosenberg, S.P.A. 2019. DNA barcoding and morphological taxonomy: identification of lanternfish (Myctophidae) larvae in the Gulf of Mexico. Mitochondrial DNA Part A 30(2): 375-383.
Carpenter, K.E. 1997. Living marine resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 293 p.
Eagderi, S.; Fricke, R.; Esmaeili, H.R. & Jalili, P. 2019. Annotated checklist of the fishes of the Persian Gulf: Diversity and conservation status. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 6(Suppl. 1): 1-171.
Endo, S.; Hibino, Y. & Mochioka, N. 2022. Identification of first recorded ophichthid larvae of Ophichthus celebicus and O. macrochir (Anguilliformes; Ophichthidae) from Japan, based on morphometric and genetic evidence. Ichthyological Research 69(3): 393-398.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Zarei, F.; Sholeh, V.; Sadeghi, Y.; Sadeghi, R. & Fricke, R. 2022. Morphological analysis and DNA barcoding confirm presence of a cryptic fish species, the blotched triplefin, Enneapterygius ventermaculus (Teleostei: Blenniiformes: Tripterygiidae), at Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 9(1): 1-10.
Fadli, N.; Mohd Nor, S.A.; Othman A.S.; Sofyan, H. & Muchlisin Z.A. 2020. DNA barcoding of commercially important reef fishes in Weh Island, Aceh, Indonesia. PeerJ 5(8): e9641.
Fischer, W. & Bianchi, G. Editors, 1984. Western Indian Ocean: Fishing Area 51. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. & R. van der Laan (eds) 2023. Eschmeyers Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp).
Froese, R. & D. Pauly. Editors. 2024. FishBase. Synanceiidae Swainson, 1839. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154251 on 2024-01-06
Harrington, F. 1976. Surveys of the southern Iranian coastline with recommendations for additional marine reserves in promotion of the establishment of marine parks and reserves in the Northern Indian Ocean, Red Sea and Persian Gulf. IUCN Publ New Series 35: 50-75.
Hebert, P.D.; Cywinska, A.; Ball, S.L. & DeWaard, J.R. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 270 (1512): 313-321.
Hebert, P.D.; Stoeckle, M.Y.; Zemlak, T.S. & Francis, C.M. 2004. Identification of birds through DNA barcodes. PLoS Biology 2(10): e312.
Imamura, H. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships and new classification of the superfamily Scorpaenoidea (Actinopterygii: Perciformes). Species Diversity 9(1): 1-36.
Kainama, J.; Louraine, T.; Wijayanti, D.P.; Sabdono, A. & Dirgantara, D. 2023. DNA Barcoding and Morphological Characters of Two Trevally Fish species (Caranx spp.) Collected from Youtefa Bay, Papua, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences/Ilmu Kelautan 28(1): 97.
Kim, H.W.; Alam, M.J.; Kim, A.R.; Park, H. & Andriyono, S. 2019. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome for the grey stingfish Minous monodactylus (Scorpaeniformes: Synanceiidae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4(1): 1377-1378.
Kim, H.W.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, J.H.; Jeong, M.H.; Ji, S.C.; Kim, M.S.; Myeong, J.I. & Kim, D.J. 2020. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis for Inimicus japonicus (Scorpaeniformes: Synanceiidae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B 5(3): 3141-3142.
Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16(2): 111-120.
Meyer, C.P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79(3): 401-459.
Mirshamsi, M.; Vazirizadeh, A.; Omranipour, R.; Fakhri, A.; Aghvami, M.; Naserzadeh, P.; Zangeneh, F. & Pourahmad, J. 2017. Persian Gulf stonefish (Pseudosynanceia melanostigma) venom fractions selectively induce apoptosis on cancerous hepatocytes from hepatocellular carcinoma through ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Hepatitis Monthly 17(11): e11842.
Osmany, H.B. & Moazzam, M. 2018. Review of stonefishes of family Synanceidae from Pakistan with a new record of Synanceia nana Eschmeyer and Rama-Rao, 1973. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 15: 173-184.
Ramezani, M.; Samiei, F. & Pourahmad, J. 2021. Anti-glioma effect of pseudosynanceia melanostigma venom on isolated mitochondria from glioblastoma cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 22(7): 2295-2302.
Saggiomo, S.L.; Firth, C.; Wilson, D.T.; Seymour, J.; Miles, J.J. & Wong, Y. 2021. The geographic distribution, venom components, pathology and treatments of stonefish (Synanceia spp.) venom. Marine Drugs 19(6): 302.
Shirak, A.; Dor, L.; Seroussi, E.; Ron, M.; Hulata, G. & Golani, D. 2016. DNA barcoding of fish species from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Mediterranean Marine Science 17(2): 459-466.
Steinke, D.; Zemlak, T.S. & Hebert, P.D. 2009. Barcoding Nemo: DNA-based identifications for the ornamental fish trade. PLoS One 4(7): e6300.
Smith, W.L.; Everman, E. & Richardson, C. 2018. Phylogeny and taxonomy of flatheads, scorpionfishes, sea robins, and stonefishes (Percomorpha: Scorpaeniformes) and the evolution of the lachrymal saber. Copeia 106(1): 94-119.
Tamura, K.; Stecher, G. & Kumar, S. 2021. MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Molecular Biology Evolution 38(7): 3022-3027.
Ude, G.N.; Igwe, D.O.; Brown, C.; Jackson, M.; Bangura, A.; Ozokonkwo-Alor, O.; Ihearahu, O.C.; Chosen, O.; Okoro, M.; Ene, C. & Chieze, V. 2020. DNA barcoding for identification of fish species from freshwater in Enugu and Anambra States of Nigeria. Conservation Genetics Resources 12: 643-658.
Vazirizadeh, A.; Naderi-Manesh, H.; Bargahi, A.; Nabipour, I. & Mohebbi, G.H. 2014. Impacts of Persian Gulf blackfin stonefish crude venom on the haematological factors and serum enzymes levels of laboratory rat. Iranian South Medical Journal 17(4): 723-732.
Zhang, J.; Xu, L.; Du, F.; Tang, Q.; Wang, L.; Ning, J.; Huang, D.; Li, Y.; Liu, S. & Wang, X. 2023. DNA barcoding of marine fish species in the waters surrounding Hainan Island, northern South China Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science 10: 1249073.