Main Article Content
Abstract
Fifty-four specimens of the kingsoldier bream, Argyrops spinifer (Forsskal, 1775) from coastal waters of the Persian Gulf, in Bushehr Province, were aged by otolith readings to assess the suitability of using otolith length/weight for age estimation in this fish. Otolith length and weight increased along with an increase in length and age of the fish. The relationship between fish length (TL) and otolith weight (OW) was as OW=0.007TL–0.79 (r2=0.90), between fish age (t) and otolith length (OL) as OL=5.576 (t)0.346 (r2=0.88), between fish age (t) and otolith weight (OW) as OW=0.03 (t)0.837 (r2=0.91) and between fish length (TL) and otolith length (OL) as OL=1.125 (TL)0.644 (r2=0.92). Thus, these parameters could be readily used in age determination of A. spinifer. The proportion of average otolith weight to fish total length which partly shows the growth rate, was assessed as 0.005.
Keywords
Ageing
Otolith
Perciformes
Persian Gulf
Sagitta
Sparidae.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
GHANBARZADEH, M., Mahboobi SOOFIANI, N., KEIVANY, Y., & TAGHAVI-MOTLAGH, S. A. (2015). Use of otolith length and weight in age estimations of the kingsoldier bream, Argyrops spinifer, in the Persian Gulf. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 1(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v1i1.1
References
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Al Mamry, J.M.; McCarthy, I.D.; Richardson, C.A. & Meriem, S.B. 2009. Biology of the kingsoldier bream (Argyrops spinifer Forsskal, 1775; Sparidae), from the Arabian Sea, Oman. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25: 559–564.
Anderson, J.R.; Morison, A.K. & Ray, D.J. 1992. Age and growth of Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii (Perciformes; Percichthyidae), in the lower Murray-Darling. Journal of Marine and Basin, Australia, from thin sectioned otoliths. Australian Freshwater Research 43: 983-1013.
Begg, G.A.; Friedland, K.D. & Pearce, J.B. 1999. Stock identification and its role in stock assessment and fisheries management: an overview. Fisheries Research 43: 1–8.
Begg, G.A.; Campana, S.E.; Fowler, A.J. & Suthers, I.M. 2005. Otolith research and application: current directions in innovation and implementation. Marine and Freshwater Research 56 (5): 477–484.
Brander, K. 1974. The effects of age-reading errors on the statistical reliability of marine fishery modeling. In Bagenal, T.B. (ed.), The Ageing of Fish, Unwin Bros, Surrey.
Cardinale, M.; Arrhenius, F. & Johansson, B. 2000. Potential use of otolith weight for the determination of age structure of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Fisheries Research 45: 239-252.
Cardinale, M.; Doering-Arjes, P.; Kastowsky, M. & Mosegaard, H. 2004. Effects of sex, stock, and environment on the shape of known-age Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61: 158–167.
Carpenter, S.J.; Erickson, J.M. & Holland, Jr. F.D. 2003. Migration of late cretaceous fish. Nature 423: 70–74.
Casselman, J.M. 1990. Growth and relative size of calcified structures of fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 673-688.
Cottrell, P.E.; Trites, A.W. & Miller, E.H. 1996. Assessing the use of hard parts in faeces to identify harbour seal prey: results of captive-feeding trials. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 875–880.
DeVries, D.R. & Frie, R.V. 1996. Determination of age and growth. In Murphy, B.R. & Willis, D.W. (eds.), Fisheries techniques, 2nd edition, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. pp. 483-512.
Echeverria, T.W. 1987. Relationship of otolith length to total length in rockfishes from northern and central California. Fishery Bulletin 85: 383-387.
El-Sayed, A.M. & Abdel-Bary, K. 1995. Population Biology of Sparid Fishes in Qatari waters: 4. Growth and mortality of Longspine seabream (Argyrops spinifer). Qatar University of Science Journal 15: 457-461.
Fletcher, W.J. 1991. A test of the relationship between otolith weight and age for the pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 35-38.
Francis, M.P.; Williams, M. W.; Pryce, A. C.; Pollard, S. & Scott, S. G. 1993. Uncoupling of otolith and somatic growth in Pagrus auratus (Sparidae). Fishery Bulletin 91: 159-164.
Gauldie, R.W. 1988. Function, form and time-keeping properties of fish otoliths. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 91A: 359-401.
Gauldie, R.W. 1994. The morphological basis of fish age estimation methods based on the otolith of Nemadactylus macropterus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 2341–2362.
Grandcourt, E.M.; Al Abdessalaam, T.Z.; Francis, F. & Al Shamsi, A.T. 2004. Biology and stock assessment of the sparids, Acanthopagrus bifasciatus and Argyrops spinifer (Forsskål, 1775), in the Southern Arabian Gulf. Fisheries Research 69: 7–20.
Harkonen, T. 1986. Guide to the otoliths of the bony fishes of the Northeast Atlantic. Danbiu ApS. Biological Consultants, Denmark.
Horn, P.L. & Sullivan, K.J. 1996. Validated aging methodology using otoliths, and growth parameters for hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) in New Zealand waters New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 30: 161-174.
Ilkyaz, A.T.; Metin, G. & Kinacigil, H.T. 2011. The use of otolith length and weight measurements in age estimations of three Gobiidae species (Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus, Gobius niger, and Lesueurigobius friesii). Turkish Journal of Zoology 35: 819-827.
Karlou-Riga, C. 2000. Otolith morphology and age and growth of Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Fisheries Research 46: 69–82.
Lombarte, A.; Torres, G.J. & Morales-Nin, B. 2003. Specific Merluccius otolith growth patterns related to phylogenetics and environmental factors. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83: 277–281.
Metin, G. & Ilkyaz, A.T. 2008. Use of Otolith Length and Weight in Age Determination of Poor Cod (Trisopterus minutus Linn., 1758). Turkish Journal of Zoology 32(3): 293-297.
Nedreaas, K. 1990. Age determination of Northeast Atlantic Sebastes species. Journal du Conseil/Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 47: 208-230.
Newman, S.J.; Cappo, M. & Williams, D.M. 2000. Age, growth, mortality rates and corresponding yield estimates using otoliths of the tropical red snappers, Lutjanus erythropterus, L. malabaricus and L. sebae, from the central Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 48: 1–14.
Pawson, M. 1990. Using of otolith weight of age fish. Journal of Fish Biology 36: 521-531.
Randall, J.E. 1995. Coastal fishes of Oman. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press.
Randall, J.E.; Allen, G.R. & Steene, R.C. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii
Secor, D. & Dean, J. 1986. Applications of the otoliths growth recorded to recruitment studies. Mini rev. Data File Fish. Res., Fish. Lab., Fac. Fish. Kagoshima University of Japan. 4: 49-62.
Smith, D.C. & Robertson, S.G. 1992. The problem of ageing orange roughy. In Hancock, D. A. (ed.), The measurement of age and growth in fish and shellfish. Australian Department of Primary Industry and Energy, Bureau of Rural Resources, Canberra 12: 116-120.
Smith, D.C. & Stewart, B.D. 1994. Development of methods to age commercially important dories and oreos. Final report to Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, PROJECT 91/36. (report available from Victorian Fisheries Research Institute, PO Box 114, Queensclif, Victoria 3225, Australia).
Smith, K.A. & Deguara, K. 2002. Review of biological information and stock assessment for the NSW sea mullet resource. NSW Fisheries Research Assessment, Ser. 12.
Smith, D.C.; Robertson, S.G.; Fenton, G.E. & Short, S.A. 2011. Age determination and growth of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus): a comparison of annulus counts with radiometric ageing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52: 391-401.
Spratt, J.D. 1972. The use of otoliths to separate groups of northern anchovies. California Department of Fish and Game, Mar. Tech. Rep.
Strelcheck, A.G.; Fitzhugh, G.R.; Coleman, F.C. & Koenig C.C. 2003. Otolith–fish size relationship in juvenile gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) of the eastern Gulf of Mexico: a comparison of growth rates between laboratory and field populations. Fisheries Research 60: 255–265.
Torres, G.J.; Lombarte, A. & Morales-Nin, B. 2000. Variability of the sulcus acusticus in the sagittal otolith of the genus Merluccius (Merlucciidae). Fisheries Research 46: 5–13.
Van der Walt, B.A. & Beckley, L.E. 1997. Age and growth of Sarpa salpa (Pisces: Sparidae) off the east coast South Africa. Fisheries Research 31: 241- 248.
Van Slyke, N. 1998. A review of the analysis of fish remains in Chumash sites. PC AS Q. 34: 25–58.
Volpedo, A. & Echeverria, D.D. 2003. Ecomorphological patterns of the sagitta in fish on the continental shelf off Argentine. Fisheries Research 60: 551–560.
Wilson, C. 1984. Age and growth aspects of the life history of billfishes. PhD Thesis, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
References
Al Mamry, J.M.; McCarthy, I.D.; Richardson, C.A. & Meriem, S.B. 2009. Biology of the kingsoldier bream (Argyrops spinifer Forsskal, 1775; Sparidae), from the Arabian Sea, Oman. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25: 559–564.
Anderson, J.R.; Morison, A.K. & Ray, D.J. 1992. Age and growth of Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii (Perciformes; Percichthyidae), in the lower Murray-Darling. Journal of Marine and Basin, Australia, from thin sectioned otoliths. Australian Freshwater Research 43: 983-1013.
Begg, G.A.; Friedland, K.D. & Pearce, J.B. 1999. Stock identification and its role in stock assessment and fisheries management: an overview. Fisheries Research 43: 1–8.
Begg, G.A.; Campana, S.E.; Fowler, A.J. & Suthers, I.M. 2005. Otolith research and application: current directions in innovation and implementation. Marine and Freshwater Research 56 (5): 477–484.
Brander, K. 1974. The effects of age-reading errors on the statistical reliability of marine fishery modeling. In Bagenal, T.B. (ed.), The Ageing of Fish, Unwin Bros, Surrey.
Cardinale, M.; Arrhenius, F. & Johansson, B. 2000. Potential use of otolith weight for the determination of age structure of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Fisheries Research 45: 239-252.
Cardinale, M.; Doering-Arjes, P.; Kastowsky, M. & Mosegaard, H. 2004. Effects of sex, stock, and environment on the shape of known-age Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61: 158–167.
Carpenter, S.J.; Erickson, J.M. & Holland, Jr. F.D. 2003. Migration of late cretaceous fish. Nature 423: 70–74.
Casselman, J.M. 1990. Growth and relative size of calcified structures of fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 673-688.
Cottrell, P.E.; Trites, A.W. & Miller, E.H. 1996. Assessing the use of hard parts in faeces to identify harbour seal prey: results of captive-feeding trials. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 875–880.
DeVries, D.R. & Frie, R.V. 1996. Determination of age and growth. In Murphy, B.R. & Willis, D.W. (eds.), Fisheries techniques, 2nd edition, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. pp. 483-512.
Echeverria, T.W. 1987. Relationship of otolith length to total length in rockfishes from northern and central California. Fishery Bulletin 85: 383-387.
El-Sayed, A.M. & Abdel-Bary, K. 1995. Population Biology of Sparid Fishes in Qatari waters: 4. Growth and mortality of Longspine seabream (Argyrops spinifer). Qatar University of Science Journal 15: 457-461.
Fletcher, W.J. 1991. A test of the relationship between otolith weight and age for the pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 35-38.
Francis, M.P.; Williams, M. W.; Pryce, A. C.; Pollard, S. & Scott, S. G. 1993. Uncoupling of otolith and somatic growth in Pagrus auratus (Sparidae). Fishery Bulletin 91: 159-164.
Gauldie, R.W. 1988. Function, form and time-keeping properties of fish otoliths. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 91A: 359-401.
Gauldie, R.W. 1994. The morphological basis of fish age estimation methods based on the otolith of Nemadactylus macropterus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 2341–2362.
Grandcourt, E.M.; Al Abdessalaam, T.Z.; Francis, F. & Al Shamsi, A.T. 2004. Biology and stock assessment of the sparids, Acanthopagrus bifasciatus and Argyrops spinifer (Forsskål, 1775), in the Southern Arabian Gulf. Fisheries Research 69: 7–20.
Harkonen, T. 1986. Guide to the otoliths of the bony fishes of the Northeast Atlantic. Danbiu ApS. Biological Consultants, Denmark.
Horn, P.L. & Sullivan, K.J. 1996. Validated aging methodology using otoliths, and growth parameters for hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) in New Zealand waters New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 30: 161-174.
Ilkyaz, A.T.; Metin, G. & Kinacigil, H.T. 2011. The use of otolith length and weight measurements in age estimations of three Gobiidae species (Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus, Gobius niger, and Lesueurigobius friesii). Turkish Journal of Zoology 35: 819-827.
Karlou-Riga, C. 2000. Otolith morphology and age and growth of Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Fisheries Research 46: 69–82.
Lombarte, A.; Torres, G.J. & Morales-Nin, B. 2003. Specific Merluccius otolith growth patterns related to phylogenetics and environmental factors. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83: 277–281.
Metin, G. & Ilkyaz, A.T. 2008. Use of Otolith Length and Weight in Age Determination of Poor Cod (Trisopterus minutus Linn., 1758). Turkish Journal of Zoology 32(3): 293-297.
Nedreaas, K. 1990. Age determination of Northeast Atlantic Sebastes species. Journal du Conseil/Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 47: 208-230.
Newman, S.J.; Cappo, M. & Williams, D.M. 2000. Age, growth, mortality rates and corresponding yield estimates using otoliths of the tropical red snappers, Lutjanus erythropterus, L. malabaricus and L. sebae, from the central Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 48: 1–14.
Pawson, M. 1990. Using of otolith weight of age fish. Journal of Fish Biology 36: 521-531.
Randall, J.E. 1995. Coastal fishes of Oman. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press.
Randall, J.E.; Allen, G.R. & Steene, R.C. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii
Secor, D. & Dean, J. 1986. Applications of the otoliths growth recorded to recruitment studies. Mini rev. Data File Fish. Res., Fish. Lab., Fac. Fish. Kagoshima University of Japan. 4: 49-62.
Smith, D.C. & Robertson, S.G. 1992. The problem of ageing orange roughy. In Hancock, D. A. (ed.), The measurement of age and growth in fish and shellfish. Australian Department of Primary Industry and Energy, Bureau of Rural Resources, Canberra 12: 116-120.
Smith, D.C. & Stewart, B.D. 1994. Development of methods to age commercially important dories and oreos. Final report to Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, PROJECT 91/36. (report available from Victorian Fisheries Research Institute, PO Box 114, Queensclif, Victoria 3225, Australia).
Smith, K.A. & Deguara, K. 2002. Review of biological information and stock assessment for the NSW sea mullet resource. NSW Fisheries Research Assessment, Ser. 12.
Smith, D.C.; Robertson, S.G.; Fenton, G.E. & Short, S.A. 2011. Age determination and growth of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus): a comparison of annulus counts with radiometric ageing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52: 391-401.
Spratt, J.D. 1972. The use of otoliths to separate groups of northern anchovies. California Department of Fish and Game, Mar. Tech. Rep.
Strelcheck, A.G.; Fitzhugh, G.R.; Coleman, F.C. & Koenig C.C. 2003. Otolith–fish size relationship in juvenile gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) of the eastern Gulf of Mexico: a comparison of growth rates between laboratory and field populations. Fisheries Research 60: 255–265.
Torres, G.J.; Lombarte, A. & Morales-Nin, B. 2000. Variability of the sulcus acusticus in the sagittal otolith of the genus Merluccius (Merlucciidae). Fisheries Research 46: 5–13.
Van der Walt, B.A. & Beckley, L.E. 1997. Age and growth of Sarpa salpa (Pisces: Sparidae) off the east coast South Africa. Fisheries Research 31: 241- 248.
Van Slyke, N. 1998. A review of the analysis of fish remains in Chumash sites. PC AS Q. 34: 25–58.
Volpedo, A. & Echeverria, D.D. 2003. Ecomorphological patterns of the sagitta in fish on the continental shelf off Argentine. Fisheries Research 60: 551–560.
Wilson, C. 1984. Age and growth aspects of the life history of billfishes. PhD Thesis, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
Anderson, J.R.; Morison, A.K. & Ray, D.J. 1992. Age and growth of Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii (Perciformes; Percichthyidae), in the lower Murray-Darling. Journal of Marine and Basin, Australia, from thin sectioned otoliths. Australian Freshwater Research 43: 983-1013.
Begg, G.A.; Friedland, K.D. & Pearce, J.B. 1999. Stock identification and its role in stock assessment and fisheries management: an overview. Fisheries Research 43: 1–8.
Begg, G.A.; Campana, S.E.; Fowler, A.J. & Suthers, I.M. 2005. Otolith research and application: current directions in innovation and implementation. Marine and Freshwater Research 56 (5): 477–484.
Brander, K. 1974. The effects of age-reading errors on the statistical reliability of marine fishery modeling. In Bagenal, T.B. (ed.), The Ageing of Fish, Unwin Bros, Surrey.
Cardinale, M.; Arrhenius, F. & Johansson, B. 2000. Potential use of otolith weight for the determination of age structure of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Fisheries Research 45: 239-252.
Cardinale, M.; Doering-Arjes, P.; Kastowsky, M. & Mosegaard, H. 2004. Effects of sex, stock, and environment on the shape of known-age Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61: 158–167.
Carpenter, S.J.; Erickson, J.M. & Holland, Jr. F.D. 2003. Migration of late cretaceous fish. Nature 423: 70–74.
Casselman, J.M. 1990. Growth and relative size of calcified structures of fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 673-688.
Cottrell, P.E.; Trites, A.W. & Miller, E.H. 1996. Assessing the use of hard parts in faeces to identify harbour seal prey: results of captive-feeding trials. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 875–880.
DeVries, D.R. & Frie, R.V. 1996. Determination of age and growth. In Murphy, B.R. & Willis, D.W. (eds.), Fisheries techniques, 2nd edition, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. pp. 483-512.
Echeverria, T.W. 1987. Relationship of otolith length to total length in rockfishes from northern and central California. Fishery Bulletin 85: 383-387.
El-Sayed, A.M. & Abdel-Bary, K. 1995. Population Biology of Sparid Fishes in Qatari waters: 4. Growth and mortality of Longspine seabream (Argyrops spinifer). Qatar University of Science Journal 15: 457-461.
Fletcher, W.J. 1991. A test of the relationship between otolith weight and age for the pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 35-38.
Francis, M.P.; Williams, M. W.; Pryce, A. C.; Pollard, S. & Scott, S. G. 1993. Uncoupling of otolith and somatic growth in Pagrus auratus (Sparidae). Fishery Bulletin 91: 159-164.
Gauldie, R.W. 1988. Function, form and time-keeping properties of fish otoliths. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 91A: 359-401.
Gauldie, R.W. 1994. The morphological basis of fish age estimation methods based on the otolith of Nemadactylus macropterus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 2341–2362.
Grandcourt, E.M.; Al Abdessalaam, T.Z.; Francis, F. & Al Shamsi, A.T. 2004. Biology and stock assessment of the sparids, Acanthopagrus bifasciatus and Argyrops spinifer (Forsskål, 1775), in the Southern Arabian Gulf. Fisheries Research 69: 7–20.
Harkonen, T. 1986. Guide to the otoliths of the bony fishes of the Northeast Atlantic. Danbiu ApS. Biological Consultants, Denmark.
Horn, P.L. & Sullivan, K.J. 1996. Validated aging methodology using otoliths, and growth parameters for hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) in New Zealand waters New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 30: 161-174.
Ilkyaz, A.T.; Metin, G. & Kinacigil, H.T. 2011. The use of otolith length and weight measurements in age estimations of three Gobiidae species (Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus, Gobius niger, and Lesueurigobius friesii). Turkish Journal of Zoology 35: 819-827.
Karlou-Riga, C. 2000. Otolith morphology and age and growth of Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Fisheries Research 46: 69–82.
Lombarte, A.; Torres, G.J. & Morales-Nin, B. 2003. Specific Merluccius otolith growth patterns related to phylogenetics and environmental factors. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83: 277–281.
Metin, G. & Ilkyaz, A.T. 2008. Use of Otolith Length and Weight in Age Determination of Poor Cod (Trisopterus minutus Linn., 1758). Turkish Journal of Zoology 32(3): 293-297.
Nedreaas, K. 1990. Age determination of Northeast Atlantic Sebastes species. Journal du Conseil/Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 47: 208-230.
Newman, S.J.; Cappo, M. & Williams, D.M. 2000. Age, growth, mortality rates and corresponding yield estimates using otoliths of the tropical red snappers, Lutjanus erythropterus, L. malabaricus and L. sebae, from the central Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 48: 1–14.
Pawson, M. 1990. Using of otolith weight of age fish. Journal of Fish Biology 36: 521-531.
Randall, J.E. 1995. Coastal fishes of Oman. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press.
Randall, J.E.; Allen, G.R. & Steene, R.C. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii
Secor, D. & Dean, J. 1986. Applications of the otoliths growth recorded to recruitment studies. Mini rev. Data File Fish. Res., Fish. Lab., Fac. Fish. Kagoshima University of Japan. 4: 49-62.
Smith, D.C. & Robertson, S.G. 1992. The problem of ageing orange roughy. In Hancock, D. A. (ed.), The measurement of age and growth in fish and shellfish. Australian Department of Primary Industry and Energy, Bureau of Rural Resources, Canberra 12: 116-120.
Smith, D.C. & Stewart, B.D. 1994. Development of methods to age commercially important dories and oreos. Final report to Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, PROJECT 91/36. (report available from Victorian Fisheries Research Institute, PO Box 114, Queensclif, Victoria 3225, Australia).
Smith, K.A. & Deguara, K. 2002. Review of biological information and stock assessment for the NSW sea mullet resource. NSW Fisheries Research Assessment, Ser. 12.
Smith, D.C.; Robertson, S.G.; Fenton, G.E. & Short, S.A. 2011. Age determination and growth of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus): a comparison of annulus counts with radiometric ageing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52: 391-401.
Spratt, J.D. 1972. The use of otoliths to separate groups of northern anchovies. California Department of Fish and Game, Mar. Tech. Rep.
Strelcheck, A.G.; Fitzhugh, G.R.; Coleman, F.C. & Koenig C.C. 2003. Otolith–fish size relationship in juvenile gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) of the eastern Gulf of Mexico: a comparison of growth rates between laboratory and field populations. Fisheries Research 60: 255–265.
Torres, G.J.; Lombarte, A. & Morales-Nin, B. 2000. Variability of the sulcus acusticus in the sagittal otolith of the genus Merluccius (Merlucciidae). Fisheries Research 46: 5–13.
Van der Walt, B.A. & Beckley, L.E. 1997. Age and growth of Sarpa salpa (Pisces: Sparidae) off the east coast South Africa. Fisheries Research 31: 241- 248.
Van Slyke, N. 1998. A review of the analysis of fish remains in Chumash sites. PC AS Q. 34: 25–58.
Volpedo, A. & Echeverria, D.D. 2003. Ecomorphological patterns of the sagitta in fish on the continental shelf off Argentine. Fisheries Research 60: 551–560.
Wilson, C. 1984. Age and growth aspects of the life history of billfishes. PhD Thesis, University of South Carolina, Columbia.