Main Article Content
Abstract
The main international legal act regulating the harvesting of marine mammals is the international convention for the regulation of whaling. However, the existing law enforcement practice shows that this document needs to be changed. The authors discuss some of the shortcomings of the international legal regulation of whaling. The indigenous peoples of the North of the Russian Federation received constitutional and legal status. Therefore, they have special guarantees, including priority access to the resources of aquatic ecosystems. Some species of marine mammals, which are under a special protection status, are allowed for extraction by the indigenous peoples of the Russian North to maintain their traditional way of life. The extraction and commercialization of aquatic organisms, their use as food, medicinal products, and household items generate negative consequences for the state of biological resources and contribute to the social degradation of the indigenous peoples of the North.
Keywords
ICRW
Marine mammals
Convention
Indigenous peoples.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
VLADIMIROVNA, U. O., & LEONIDOVNA, V. E. (2021). Implementation of the international convention on the regulation of whale fishing to exploit marine mammals for Russian indigenous peoples. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 54–61. Retrieved from https://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/01008
References
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Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling [Electronic resource]. https://iwc.int/aboriginal (date of access 12/15/2020).
About approval of the list of places of traditional residence and traditional economic activities of indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation and the list of types of traditional economic activities of indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government RF no. 631-R of 08.05.2009 (an edition of 29.12.2017). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2009, no. 20, art. 2493; 2018, no. 4, art. 643.
Aver'ianova N.N. 2017. Constitutional legal personality of the "people" as the owner of the title to land. Journal of Russian Law 4: 38-44.
Bobylev S.N., Zakharov V.M. 2009. Ekosistemnyeuslugiie konomika [Ecosystem services and Economics] Moscow, OOO "TipografiyaLevko", Institutustoichivogorazvitiya / Tsentrekolocicheskoi-politikiRossii. 72 p.
Chami, R.; Cosimano, T.; Fullenkamp, C. & Oztosun, S. 2019. Nature's solution to climate change. Finance and Development Magazine 34-38.
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling 1931. League of Nations Treaty Series. Vol. 155.
E.V. Shorokhov Russia. Putin. 2018: The view of the voter / V. E. Shorokhov. Publishing decisions. 220 p.
Fox, K.C.; Muthukrishna, M. & Shultz, S. 2017. The social and cultural roots of whale and dolphin brains. Nature Ecology and Evolution 1(11): 1699-1705.
International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling 1937. League of Nations Treaty Series. Vol. 190.
Kamchatskiy krai: razvitie morskogo zveroboinogo promysla (Kamchatka Krai: development of marine fishery). Available at: https://fishretail.ru/news/ kamchatskiy-kray-razvitie-morskogo-zveroboynogo-promisla-100783 (accessed 1January 2020).
Lyapustin, S.N. & Tyutyunenko, Yu.A. 2007. Marine mammals of the Far East: Illegal fishing and smuggling. Customs policy of Russia in the Far East 3: 87-93.
International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling 2020. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. 6 p.
On approval of the state program of the Russian Federation "Implementation of the State National Policy". Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation no. 1532 of 29.12.2016 (an edition of 31.03.2020). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2017, no. 2 (pt. 1), art. 361; 2020, no. 15 (pt. 2), art. 2255.
On guarantees of the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Federation. Federal law 82-FZ of 30.04.1999 (an edition of 13.07.2020) // Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 1999, no. 18, art. 2208; 2020, no. 29, art. 4504.
On the Concept of sustainable development of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.02.2009 no. 132-R. Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2009, no. 7, art. 876.
On the General principles of organizing communities of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. Federal Law 104-FZ of 20.07.2000 (an edition of 27.06.2018). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2000, no. 30, art. 3122; 2018, no. 27, art. 3947.
On the regional target program "Development of marine animal hunting and processing of raw materials, collection and processing of wild plants in places of traditional residence of indigenous peoples of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug for 2008": Resolution of the Governor of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug of 10.04.2007, no. 215. Available at http://docs.cntd.ru/document/460122669 (accessed 1January 2020).
Prokuratura CHukotskogo avtonomnogo okruga (Prosecutor's Office of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Site). Available at https://epp.genproc.gov.ru /web/proc_87/mass-media/news?item=44004540 (accessed 1January 2020).
Solntsev, A. & Mzhavanadze, G. 2013. Prospects for the resolution of the case "About whaling in Antarctica" by the International Court of Justice (Australia v. Japan). International Justice 2(6): 25-31.
Strakhov, D. 2020. Whale hunting: the centuries-old history of murder [Electronic resource]. https://eco-cosm.com/articles/globalno/oxota-na-kitov-mnogove kovaya-istoriya-ubijstva Ecocosm (date of treatment 12/15/2020).
Structure and organization of the IWC 2020. [Electronic resource]. https://iwc.int/organisational-structure (date of access 12/15/2020).
The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by the popular vote of 12.12.1993) (amended by Federal Constitutional Law 6-FKZ of 30.12.2008, Federal Constitutional Law 7-FKZ of 30.12.2008, Federal Constitutional Law 2-FKZ of 05.02.2014, Federal Constitutional Law 11-FKZ of 21.07.2014, Constitutional Law 11-FKZ of 14.03.2020). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2020, no. 11, art. 1416.
Trubitsyn, D.A. 2015. Social dependency in the system of determinants of crime (on the example of crime of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Far North of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). Legal Science, 4: 121-128.
Tyurin, A.N. 2016. The history of whaling. Innovative Science 1: 204-206.
References
Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling [Electronic resource]. https://iwc.int/aboriginal (date of access 12/15/2020).
About approval of the list of places of traditional residence and traditional economic activities of indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation and the list of types of traditional economic activities of indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government RF no. 631-R of 08.05.2009 (an edition of 29.12.2017). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2009, no. 20, art. 2493; 2018, no. 4, art. 643.
Aver'ianova N.N. 2017. Constitutional legal personality of the "people" as the owner of the title to land. Journal of Russian Law 4: 38-44.
Bobylev S.N., Zakharov V.M. 2009. Ekosistemnyeuslugiie konomika [Ecosystem services and Economics] Moscow, OOO "TipografiyaLevko", Institutustoichivogorazvitiya / Tsentrekolocicheskoi-politikiRossii. 72 p.
Chami, R.; Cosimano, T.; Fullenkamp, C. & Oztosun, S. 2019. Nature's solution to climate change. Finance and Development Magazine 34-38.
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling 1931. League of Nations Treaty Series. Vol. 155.
E.V. Shorokhov Russia. Putin. 2018: The view of the voter / V. E. Shorokhov. Publishing decisions. 220 p.
Fox, K.C.; Muthukrishna, M. & Shultz, S. 2017. The social and cultural roots of whale and dolphin brains. Nature Ecology and Evolution 1(11): 1699-1705.
International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling 1937. League of Nations Treaty Series. Vol. 190.
Kamchatskiy krai: razvitie morskogo zveroboinogo promysla (Kamchatka Krai: development of marine fishery). Available at: https://fishretail.ru/news/ kamchatskiy-kray-razvitie-morskogo-zveroboynogo-promisla-100783 (accessed 1January 2020).
Lyapustin, S.N. & Tyutyunenko, Yu.A. 2007. Marine mammals of the Far East: Illegal fishing and smuggling. Customs policy of Russia in the Far East 3: 87-93.
International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling 2020. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. 6 p.
On approval of the state program of the Russian Federation "Implementation of the State National Policy". Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation no. 1532 of 29.12.2016 (an edition of 31.03.2020). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2017, no. 2 (pt. 1), art. 361; 2020, no. 15 (pt. 2), art. 2255.
On guarantees of the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Federation. Federal law 82-FZ of 30.04.1999 (an edition of 13.07.2020) // Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 1999, no. 18, art. 2208; 2020, no. 29, art. 4504.
On the Concept of sustainable development of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.02.2009 no. 132-R. Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2009, no. 7, art. 876.
On the General principles of organizing communities of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. Federal Law 104-FZ of 20.07.2000 (an edition of 27.06.2018). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2000, no. 30, art. 3122; 2018, no. 27, art. 3947.
On the regional target program "Development of marine animal hunting and processing of raw materials, collection and processing of wild plants in places of traditional residence of indigenous peoples of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug for 2008": Resolution of the Governor of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug of 10.04.2007, no. 215. Available at http://docs.cntd.ru/document/460122669 (accessed 1January 2020).
Prokuratura CHukotskogo avtonomnogo okruga (Prosecutor's Office of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Site). Available at https://epp.genproc.gov.ru /web/proc_87/mass-media/news?item=44004540 (accessed 1January 2020).
Solntsev, A. & Mzhavanadze, G. 2013. Prospects for the resolution of the case "About whaling in Antarctica" by the International Court of Justice (Australia v. Japan). International Justice 2(6): 25-31.
Strakhov, D. 2020. Whale hunting: the centuries-old history of murder [Electronic resource]. https://eco-cosm.com/articles/globalno/oxota-na-kitov-mnogove kovaya-istoriya-ubijstva Ecocosm (date of treatment 12/15/2020).
Structure and organization of the IWC 2020. [Electronic resource]. https://iwc.int/organisational-structure (date of access 12/15/2020).
The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by the popular vote of 12.12.1993) (amended by Federal Constitutional Law 6-FKZ of 30.12.2008, Federal Constitutional Law 7-FKZ of 30.12.2008, Federal Constitutional Law 2-FKZ of 05.02.2014, Federal Constitutional Law 11-FKZ of 21.07.2014, Constitutional Law 11-FKZ of 14.03.2020). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2020, no. 11, art. 1416.
Trubitsyn, D.A. 2015. Social dependency in the system of determinants of crime (on the example of crime of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Far North of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). Legal Science, 4: 121-128.
Tyurin, A.N. 2016. The history of whaling. Innovative Science 1: 204-206.
About approval of the list of places of traditional residence and traditional economic activities of indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation and the list of types of traditional economic activities of indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government RF no. 631-R of 08.05.2009 (an edition of 29.12.2017). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2009, no. 20, art. 2493; 2018, no. 4, art. 643.
Aver'ianova N.N. 2017. Constitutional legal personality of the "people" as the owner of the title to land. Journal of Russian Law 4: 38-44.
Bobylev S.N., Zakharov V.M. 2009. Ekosistemnyeuslugiie konomika [Ecosystem services and Economics] Moscow, OOO "TipografiyaLevko", Institutustoichivogorazvitiya / Tsentrekolocicheskoi-politikiRossii. 72 p.
Chami, R.; Cosimano, T.; Fullenkamp, C. & Oztosun, S. 2019. Nature's solution to climate change. Finance and Development Magazine 34-38.
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling 1931. League of Nations Treaty Series. Vol. 155.
E.V. Shorokhov Russia. Putin. 2018: The view of the voter / V. E. Shorokhov. Publishing decisions. 220 p.
Fox, K.C.; Muthukrishna, M. & Shultz, S. 2017. The social and cultural roots of whale and dolphin brains. Nature Ecology and Evolution 1(11): 1699-1705.
International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling 1937. League of Nations Treaty Series. Vol. 190.
Kamchatskiy krai: razvitie morskogo zveroboinogo promysla (Kamchatka Krai: development of marine fishery). Available at: https://fishretail.ru/news/ kamchatskiy-kray-razvitie-morskogo-zveroboynogo-promisla-100783 (accessed 1January 2020).
Lyapustin, S.N. & Tyutyunenko, Yu.A. 2007. Marine mammals of the Far East: Illegal fishing and smuggling. Customs policy of Russia in the Far East 3: 87-93.
International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling 2020. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. 6 p.
On approval of the state program of the Russian Federation "Implementation of the State National Policy". Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation no. 1532 of 29.12.2016 (an edition of 31.03.2020). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2017, no. 2 (pt. 1), art. 361; 2020, no. 15 (pt. 2), art. 2255.
On guarantees of the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Federation. Federal law 82-FZ of 30.04.1999 (an edition of 13.07.2020) // Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 1999, no. 18, art. 2208; 2020, no. 29, art. 4504.
On the Concept of sustainable development of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.02.2009 no. 132-R. Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2009, no. 7, art. 876.
On the General principles of organizing communities of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. Federal Law 104-FZ of 20.07.2000 (an edition of 27.06.2018). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2000, no. 30, art. 3122; 2018, no. 27, art. 3947.
On the regional target program "Development of marine animal hunting and processing of raw materials, collection and processing of wild plants in places of traditional residence of indigenous peoples of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug for 2008": Resolution of the Governor of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug of 10.04.2007, no. 215. Available at http://docs.cntd.ru/document/460122669 (accessed 1January 2020).
Prokuratura CHukotskogo avtonomnogo okruga (Prosecutor's Office of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Site). Available at https://epp.genproc.gov.ru /web/proc_87/mass-media/news?item=44004540 (accessed 1January 2020).
Solntsev, A. & Mzhavanadze, G. 2013. Prospects for the resolution of the case "About whaling in Antarctica" by the International Court of Justice (Australia v. Japan). International Justice 2(6): 25-31.
Strakhov, D. 2020. Whale hunting: the centuries-old history of murder [Electronic resource]. https://eco-cosm.com/articles/globalno/oxota-na-kitov-mnogove kovaya-istoriya-ubijstva Ecocosm (date of treatment 12/15/2020).
Structure and organization of the IWC 2020. [Electronic resource]. https://iwc.int/organisational-structure (date of access 12/15/2020).
The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by the popular vote of 12.12.1993) (amended by Federal Constitutional Law 6-FKZ of 30.12.2008, Federal Constitutional Law 7-FKZ of 30.12.2008, Federal Constitutional Law 2-FKZ of 05.02.2014, Federal Constitutional Law 11-FKZ of 21.07.2014, Constitutional Law 11-FKZ of 14.03.2020). Sobraniezakonodatel’stva RF [Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation], 2020, no. 11, art. 1416.
Trubitsyn, D.A. 2015. Social dependency in the system of determinants of crime (on the example of crime of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Far North of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). Legal Science, 4: 121-128.
Tyurin, A.N. 2016. The history of whaling. Innovative Science 1: 204-206.