Main Article Content
Abstract
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are amongst the pollutants of main concern in the aquatic ecosystems. They are mostly characterized by mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Origins and distribution of the 16 PAHs was studied in water and sediments samples which collected from Al-Musharah, Al-Musharah, Al-Batiruh and Al-Kahlaa rivers and three sites along Tigris River namely Ali Al-grbi, Maemal alzuyut and Qulat Salih, in Misan Province. The results revealed the sum concentrations of the 16 PAHs that in water ranging from 1667.15 to 5552.7ng/l in Al-Batiruh and Al-Mijer rivers, respectively. Low Molecular Weight PAHs (LPAHs) levels in the water column were lower than High Molecular Weight PAHs (HPAHs) in all stations except Al-Batiruh River. Also according to our findings, Σ16 PAHs in the sediments was varied from 10365.73 to 28876.2μg/gm.dry weight in Ali Al-grbi station and Al-Kahlaa River, respectively. The concentration of LPAHs in sediment samples was lower than HPAHs at all rivers. The mutagenic equivalent quotient MEQ and toxic equivalent quotient TEQ was generally low except Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, Benzo[g,h,i]perylene and Indeno[1,2,3-c,d] pyrene that were found extremely higher in the sediments of the studied rivers indicating a possible cancer risk to those how perhaps exposed to the river sediments. According to diagnostic ratios of Inpy/(Inpy+BghiP) were more than 0.2 and LPAHs/HPAHs ratios were less than one. These results suggested that the origins of PAHs compounds were derived from pyrolytic origins in water and sediments of the studied rivers.
Keywords
PAHs
River
Tigris
Pollution.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
JAZZA, S. H., & KHWEDEM, A. A. (2021). Origins and distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediments of some rivers in Misan Province, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 46–53. Retrieved from https://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/01007
References
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Abdel-Shafy, H.I. & Mansour, M.S.M. 2016. A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 25(1): 107-123.
Adeniji, A.O.; Okoh, O.O. & Okoh, A.I. 2018. Distribution pattern and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water and sediment of Algoa Bay, South Africa. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 41(3): 1303-1320.
Alam, M.S.; Delgado-Saborit, J.M.; Stark, C. & Harrison, R.M. 2013. Using atmospheric measurements of PAH and quinone compounds at roadside and urban background sites to assess sources and reactivity. Atmospheric Environment 77: 24-35.
Armstrong, B.; Hutchinson, E.; Unwin, J. & Fletcher, T. 2004. Lung cancer risk after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(9): 970-978.
Bayoumi, R.A. 2009. Bacterial bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy oil contaminated soil. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 5(2): 197-211.
Benson, N.U; Anake, A.E; Adedapo, W.U; Fred-Ahmadu, O.H. & Eke K.P. 2017. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in imported Sardinops sagax: levels and health risk assessments through dietary exposure in Nigeria. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 57: 109-116.
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), 2010. Canadian soil quality guidelines for potentially carcinogenic and other PAHs: scientific criteria document.
El Nemr, A.; El-Sadaawy, M.M.; Khaled, M. & Draz, S.O. 2013. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the Mediterranean: assessment and source recognition of petroleum hydrocarbons. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 185(6): 4571-4589.
Goutx, M. & Saliot, A. 1980. Relationship between dissolved and particulate fatty acid and hydrocarbons, chlorophyll (a) and zooplankton biomass in Ville Franche Bay, Mediterranean Sea. Marine Chemistry 8: 299-318.
Honda, M. & Suzuki, N. 2020. Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for aquatic animals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(4): 1365.
Hsu, H.; Lin, M.; Chen, Y.; Chen, W.; Yoon, C. & Chen, M. 2014. An integrated approach to assess exposure and health-risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a fastener manufacturing industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11(9): 9578-9594.
Huanling, W.; Binghua, S. & Jinhua, L. 2019. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments /soils of the rapidly urbanized lower reaches of the River Chaohu, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 2302.
Hussain, K.; Hoque, R.R.; Balachandran, S.; Medhi, S.; Idris, M.G.; Rahman, M. & Hussain, F.L. 2018. Monitoring and Risk Analysis of Paths in the Environment. Handbook of environmental materials management 1-35.
Hussein, R.A.; Al-Ghanim, K.A.; Abd-El-Atty, M.M. & Mohamed, L.A. 2016. Contamination of Red Sea Shrimp (Palaemon serratus) with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a health risk assessment study. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 25(2): 615-620.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010. Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 92:1.
Ihunwo, O.C.; Shahabinia , A.R.; Udo, K.S.; Bonnail1, E.; Onyema, M.O.; Dibofori-Orji1, A.N. & Mmom, P.C. 2019. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Woji Creek, in the Niger Delta. Environmental Research Communications 1(12): 125001
Jazza, S.H.; Al-Saad, H.T.; Salih, S.M. & Khwadem, A.A 2016b. Estimation of Hydrocarbon compounds in drinking water in Misan Governorate, Iraq. Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences 4(2): 291-298.
Jazza, S.H. 2015. The Status of Hydrocarbon Compounds Pollution of Water, Sediments and Some Aquatic Biota in Al-Kahlaa River-Missan Province, Iraq. Ph.D. thesis. College of science. University of Basrah. 137 p.
Jazza, S.H.; Al-Adhub, A.Y. & Al-Saad, H.T 2016a. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water of Al-Kahlaa River in Missan Province, Iraq. Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences/Ilmu Kelautan 21(1): 1-8.
Maliszewska-Kordybach, B. 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland: Preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination. Applied Geochemistry (11): 121-127.
Mohammed, A.B.; Al-Taee, M.M. & Hassan, F.M. 2009. The study of some PAH compounds in Euphrates River sediment from Al-Hindiya Barrageto Al-Kifil city, Iraq. In 4th Scientific Conference, College of Science, Babylon University. CSASC English 4: 216-230.
Moyo, S.; McCrindle, R.; Mokgalaka, N.; Myburgh, J. & Mujuru, M. 2013. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from polluted rivers. Pure and Applied Chemistry 85(12):2175-2196.
NRCC (National Research Council of Canada), 1983. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment: Formation, sources, fate and effects on aquatic biota. Publication No.NRCC 18981.NRC Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, Ottawa.
Obayori, O.S. & Salam, L.B. 2010. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: role of plasmids. Scientific Research and Essays 5(25): 4093-4106.
Onozato, M.; Nishigaki, A. & Okoshi, K. 2016. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments and Bivalves on the Pacific Coast of Japan: Influence of Tsunami and Fire. PloS on 11(5): 1-13.
Perra, G.; Renzi, M.; Guerranti, C. & Focardi, S.E. 2009. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in sediments: distribution and sources in a lagoon system (Orbetello, Central Italy). Transitional Waters Bulletin 3: 45-58.
Salem, D; Morsy, F.; El-Nemr, A.; El-Sikaily, A. & Khaled, A. 2014. The monitoring and risk assessment of aliphaticand aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Red Sea, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 40: 333–348.
Singare, P.U. 2015. Studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Mithi River near Mumbai, India: assessment of sources, toxicity risk and biological impact. Marine Pollution Bulletin (101): 232-42.
Sofuoglu, A.; Odabasi, M. & Holsen, T.M. 2001. Temperature dependence of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in Chicago air. Atmospheric Environment 35(36): 6503-6510.
UNEP (United Nation Environmental Program), 1989. Comparative toxicity test of water accommodated fraction of oils and oil dispersant's to marine organisms. Reference Methods for Marine Pollution 45: 21.
WHO (World Health Organization) 2003. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.
Wild, S.R.; Berrow, M.L. & Jones, K.C. 1991. The persistence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge amended agricultural soils. Environmental Pollution 72(2): 141-157.
Zhao, Z.; Qin, Z.; Cao, J. & Xia, L. 2017. Source and ecological risk characteristics of PAHs in sediments from Qinhuai River and Xuanwu Lake, Nanjing, China. Journal of Chemistry.
References
Abdel-Shafy, H.I. & Mansour, M.S.M. 2016. A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 25(1): 107-123.
Adeniji, A.O.; Okoh, O.O. & Okoh, A.I. 2018. Distribution pattern and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water and sediment of Algoa Bay, South Africa. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 41(3): 1303-1320.
Alam, M.S.; Delgado-Saborit, J.M.; Stark, C. & Harrison, R.M. 2013. Using atmospheric measurements of PAH and quinone compounds at roadside and urban background sites to assess sources and reactivity. Atmospheric Environment 77: 24-35.
Armstrong, B.; Hutchinson, E.; Unwin, J. & Fletcher, T. 2004. Lung cancer risk after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(9): 970-978.
Bayoumi, R.A. 2009. Bacterial bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy oil contaminated soil. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 5(2): 197-211.
Benson, N.U; Anake, A.E; Adedapo, W.U; Fred-Ahmadu, O.H. & Eke K.P. 2017. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in imported Sardinops sagax: levels and health risk assessments through dietary exposure in Nigeria. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 57: 109-116.
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), 2010. Canadian soil quality guidelines for potentially carcinogenic and other PAHs: scientific criteria document.
El Nemr, A.; El-Sadaawy, M.M.; Khaled, M. & Draz, S.O. 2013. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the Mediterranean: assessment and source recognition of petroleum hydrocarbons. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 185(6): 4571-4589.
Goutx, M. & Saliot, A. 1980. Relationship between dissolved and particulate fatty acid and hydrocarbons, chlorophyll (a) and zooplankton biomass in Ville Franche Bay, Mediterranean Sea. Marine Chemistry 8: 299-318.
Honda, M. & Suzuki, N. 2020. Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for aquatic animals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(4): 1365.
Hsu, H.; Lin, M.; Chen, Y.; Chen, W.; Yoon, C. & Chen, M. 2014. An integrated approach to assess exposure and health-risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a fastener manufacturing industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11(9): 9578-9594.
Huanling, W.; Binghua, S. & Jinhua, L. 2019. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments /soils of the rapidly urbanized lower reaches of the River Chaohu, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 2302.
Hussain, K.; Hoque, R.R.; Balachandran, S.; Medhi, S.; Idris, M.G.; Rahman, M. & Hussain, F.L. 2018. Monitoring and Risk Analysis of Paths in the Environment. Handbook of environmental materials management 1-35.
Hussein, R.A.; Al-Ghanim, K.A.; Abd-El-Atty, M.M. & Mohamed, L.A. 2016. Contamination of Red Sea Shrimp (Palaemon serratus) with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a health risk assessment study. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 25(2): 615-620.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010. Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 92:1.
Ihunwo, O.C.; Shahabinia , A.R.; Udo, K.S.; Bonnail1, E.; Onyema, M.O.; Dibofori-Orji1, A.N. & Mmom, P.C. 2019. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Woji Creek, in the Niger Delta. Environmental Research Communications 1(12): 125001
Jazza, S.H.; Al-Saad, H.T.; Salih, S.M. & Khwadem, A.A 2016b. Estimation of Hydrocarbon compounds in drinking water in Misan Governorate, Iraq. Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences 4(2): 291-298.
Jazza, S.H. 2015. The Status of Hydrocarbon Compounds Pollution of Water, Sediments and Some Aquatic Biota in Al-Kahlaa River-Missan Province, Iraq. Ph.D. thesis. College of science. University of Basrah. 137 p.
Jazza, S.H.; Al-Adhub, A.Y. & Al-Saad, H.T 2016a. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water of Al-Kahlaa River in Missan Province, Iraq. Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences/Ilmu Kelautan 21(1): 1-8.
Maliszewska-Kordybach, B. 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland: Preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination. Applied Geochemistry (11): 121-127.
Mohammed, A.B.; Al-Taee, M.M. & Hassan, F.M. 2009. The study of some PAH compounds in Euphrates River sediment from Al-Hindiya Barrageto Al-Kifil city, Iraq. In 4th Scientific Conference, College of Science, Babylon University. CSASC English 4: 216-230.
Moyo, S.; McCrindle, R.; Mokgalaka, N.; Myburgh, J. & Mujuru, M. 2013. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from polluted rivers. Pure and Applied Chemistry 85(12):2175-2196.
NRCC (National Research Council of Canada), 1983. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment: Formation, sources, fate and effects on aquatic biota. Publication No.NRCC 18981.NRC Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, Ottawa.
Obayori, O.S. & Salam, L.B. 2010. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: role of plasmids. Scientific Research and Essays 5(25): 4093-4106.
Onozato, M.; Nishigaki, A. & Okoshi, K. 2016. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments and Bivalves on the Pacific Coast of Japan: Influence of Tsunami and Fire. PloS on 11(5): 1-13.
Perra, G.; Renzi, M.; Guerranti, C. & Focardi, S.E. 2009. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in sediments: distribution and sources in a lagoon system (Orbetello, Central Italy). Transitional Waters Bulletin 3: 45-58.
Salem, D; Morsy, F.; El-Nemr, A.; El-Sikaily, A. & Khaled, A. 2014. The monitoring and risk assessment of aliphaticand aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Red Sea, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 40: 333–348.
Singare, P.U. 2015. Studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Mithi River near Mumbai, India: assessment of sources, toxicity risk and biological impact. Marine Pollution Bulletin (101): 232-42.
Sofuoglu, A.; Odabasi, M. & Holsen, T.M. 2001. Temperature dependence of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in Chicago air. Atmospheric Environment 35(36): 6503-6510.
UNEP (United Nation Environmental Program), 1989. Comparative toxicity test of water accommodated fraction of oils and oil dispersant's to marine organisms. Reference Methods for Marine Pollution 45: 21.
WHO (World Health Organization) 2003. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.
Wild, S.R.; Berrow, M.L. & Jones, K.C. 1991. The persistence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge amended agricultural soils. Environmental Pollution 72(2): 141-157.
Zhao, Z.; Qin, Z.; Cao, J. & Xia, L. 2017. Source and ecological risk characteristics of PAHs in sediments from Qinhuai River and Xuanwu Lake, Nanjing, China. Journal of Chemistry.
Adeniji, A.O.; Okoh, O.O. & Okoh, A.I. 2018. Distribution pattern and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water and sediment of Algoa Bay, South Africa. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 41(3): 1303-1320.
Alam, M.S.; Delgado-Saborit, J.M.; Stark, C. & Harrison, R.M. 2013. Using atmospheric measurements of PAH and quinone compounds at roadside and urban background sites to assess sources and reactivity. Atmospheric Environment 77: 24-35.
Armstrong, B.; Hutchinson, E.; Unwin, J. & Fletcher, T. 2004. Lung cancer risk after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(9): 970-978.
Bayoumi, R.A. 2009. Bacterial bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy oil contaminated soil. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 5(2): 197-211.
Benson, N.U; Anake, A.E; Adedapo, W.U; Fred-Ahmadu, O.H. & Eke K.P. 2017. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in imported Sardinops sagax: levels and health risk assessments through dietary exposure in Nigeria. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 57: 109-116.
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), 2010. Canadian soil quality guidelines for potentially carcinogenic and other PAHs: scientific criteria document.
El Nemr, A.; El-Sadaawy, M.M.; Khaled, M. & Draz, S.O. 2013. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the Mediterranean: assessment and source recognition of petroleum hydrocarbons. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 185(6): 4571-4589.
Goutx, M. & Saliot, A. 1980. Relationship between dissolved and particulate fatty acid and hydrocarbons, chlorophyll (a) and zooplankton biomass in Ville Franche Bay, Mediterranean Sea. Marine Chemistry 8: 299-318.
Honda, M. & Suzuki, N. 2020. Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for aquatic animals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(4): 1365.
Hsu, H.; Lin, M.; Chen, Y.; Chen, W.; Yoon, C. & Chen, M. 2014. An integrated approach to assess exposure and health-risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a fastener manufacturing industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11(9): 9578-9594.
Huanling, W.; Binghua, S. & Jinhua, L. 2019. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments /soils of the rapidly urbanized lower reaches of the River Chaohu, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 2302.
Hussain, K.; Hoque, R.R.; Balachandran, S.; Medhi, S.; Idris, M.G.; Rahman, M. & Hussain, F.L. 2018. Monitoring and Risk Analysis of Paths in the Environment. Handbook of environmental materials management 1-35.
Hussein, R.A.; Al-Ghanim, K.A.; Abd-El-Atty, M.M. & Mohamed, L.A. 2016. Contamination of Red Sea Shrimp (Palaemon serratus) with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a health risk assessment study. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 25(2): 615-620.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010. Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 92:1.
Ihunwo, O.C.; Shahabinia , A.R.; Udo, K.S.; Bonnail1, E.; Onyema, M.O.; Dibofori-Orji1, A.N. & Mmom, P.C. 2019. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Woji Creek, in the Niger Delta. Environmental Research Communications 1(12): 125001
Jazza, S.H.; Al-Saad, H.T.; Salih, S.M. & Khwadem, A.A 2016b. Estimation of Hydrocarbon compounds in drinking water in Misan Governorate, Iraq. Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences 4(2): 291-298.
Jazza, S.H. 2015. The Status of Hydrocarbon Compounds Pollution of Water, Sediments and Some Aquatic Biota in Al-Kahlaa River-Missan Province, Iraq. Ph.D. thesis. College of science. University of Basrah. 137 p.
Jazza, S.H.; Al-Adhub, A.Y. & Al-Saad, H.T 2016a. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water of Al-Kahlaa River in Missan Province, Iraq. Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences/Ilmu Kelautan 21(1): 1-8.
Maliszewska-Kordybach, B. 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland: Preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination. Applied Geochemistry (11): 121-127.
Mohammed, A.B.; Al-Taee, M.M. & Hassan, F.M. 2009. The study of some PAH compounds in Euphrates River sediment from Al-Hindiya Barrageto Al-Kifil city, Iraq. In 4th Scientific Conference, College of Science, Babylon University. CSASC English 4: 216-230.
Moyo, S.; McCrindle, R.; Mokgalaka, N.; Myburgh, J. & Mujuru, M. 2013. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from polluted rivers. Pure and Applied Chemistry 85(12):2175-2196.
NRCC (National Research Council of Canada), 1983. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment: Formation, sources, fate and effects on aquatic biota. Publication No.NRCC 18981.NRC Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, Ottawa.
Obayori, O.S. & Salam, L.B. 2010. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: role of plasmids. Scientific Research and Essays 5(25): 4093-4106.
Onozato, M.; Nishigaki, A. & Okoshi, K. 2016. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments and Bivalves on the Pacific Coast of Japan: Influence of Tsunami and Fire. PloS on 11(5): 1-13.
Perra, G.; Renzi, M.; Guerranti, C. & Focardi, S.E. 2009. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in sediments: distribution and sources in a lagoon system (Orbetello, Central Italy). Transitional Waters Bulletin 3: 45-58.
Salem, D; Morsy, F.; El-Nemr, A.; El-Sikaily, A. & Khaled, A. 2014. The monitoring and risk assessment of aliphaticand aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Red Sea, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 40: 333–348.
Singare, P.U. 2015. Studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Mithi River near Mumbai, India: assessment of sources, toxicity risk and biological impact. Marine Pollution Bulletin (101): 232-42.
Sofuoglu, A.; Odabasi, M. & Holsen, T.M. 2001. Temperature dependence of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in Chicago air. Atmospheric Environment 35(36): 6503-6510.
UNEP (United Nation Environmental Program), 1989. Comparative toxicity test of water accommodated fraction of oils and oil dispersant's to marine organisms. Reference Methods for Marine Pollution 45: 21.
WHO (World Health Organization) 2003. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.
Wild, S.R.; Berrow, M.L. & Jones, K.C. 1991. The persistence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge amended agricultural soils. Environmental Pollution 72(2): 141-157.
Zhao, Z.; Qin, Z.; Cao, J. & Xia, L. 2017. Source and ecological risk characteristics of PAHs in sediments from Qinhuai River and Xuanwu Lake, Nanjing, China. Journal of Chemistry.