Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigated the role of bacteria in breast infection that causes mastitis and their resistance to antibiotics. The study included two parts, the first part is diagnosis of bacterial isolates according to approved diagnostic systems, and the second part is to determine the resistance and sensitivity of the antibiotic. A total of 50 clinical samples were collected from women with abnormal secretions of the nipple. The study showed 38 samples contained bacterial infection, while twelve samples did not contain bacterial growth. The types of bacteria that were diagnosed during this study were Staphylococcus aureus (39.5%), S. pyogenes (26.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21%) and Escherichia coli (13.1%). The study also examined the sensitive test by testing disk diffusion depending on types of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus isolates was found resistant to all penicillin group except Augmentin, and showed resistance to most of the cephalosporin group except for cefdinir and cefepime. Also, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, and tetracycline resistance was found in all of the isolates. Streptococcus pyogenes was found resistant to all penicillin group, and also showed resistance to most of the cephalosporin group except cefepime. Also, all of the isolates shown to be resistant to nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, trimethoprim with sulfonamide, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Klebsiella pneumoniae was found resistant to all penicillin group except for Augmentin and also showed resistance to most of the cephalosporin group except for cefepime. Also, all diagnosed isolates were resistant to rifampicin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim with sulfonamide, and azithromycin. Escherichia coli was found resistant to all penicillin group and also showed resistance to most of the cephalosporin group except for cefepime. All diagnosed isolates were resistant to rifampicin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim with sulfonamide, amikacin and azithromycin.
Keywords
Article Details
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
References
-
Altintoprak, F.; Kivilcim, T. & Ozkan, OV. 2014. Aetiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. World Journal of Clinical Cases 2(12): 852-8.
Chelikani, P.; Fita, I. & Loewen, P.C. 2004. Diversity of structures and properties among catalases. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 61(2): 192-208.
Collee, J.G.; Fraser, A.G.; Marmison, B.P. & Simpson, S.A. 1996. Mackie and MaCartneys. Practical medical microbiology. 14th ed. ChurchillLivingstone, U.K.
Foxman, B.; D'Arcy, H.; Gillespie, B.; Bobo, J.K. & Schwartz, K. 2002. Lactation mastitis: occurrence and medical management among 946 breastfeeding women in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology 55(2):103-114.
Guido, F. & Pascale, F. 2005. Performance of the New VITEK 2 GP Card for Identification of Medically Relevant Gram-Positive Cocci in a Routine Clinical Laboratory. J Clin Microbiol, 43(1): 84-88.
Jain, P. & Varshney, R. 2011. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 3(3): 260-263.
Johnstone, K.J.; Robson, J.; Cherian, S.G.; Wan Sai Cheong, J.; Kerr, K. & Bligh, J.F. 2017. Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis associated with Corynebacterium including Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii. Pathology 49(4): 405-412.
Karkman, A.; Do, T.T.; Walsh, F. & Virta, M.P.J 2018. Antibiotic-resistance genes in waste water. Trends Microbiology 26: 220-228.
MacFaddin, J.F. 2000. Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria. 3rd edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA.
Maurice, F.; Broutin, I.; Podglajen, I.; Benas, P.; Collatz, E. & Dardel, F. 2008.Enzyme structural plasticity and the emergence of broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance. EMBO Reports 9: 344-349.
Michie, C.; Lockie, F. & Lynn, W. 2003. The challenge of mastitis". Archives of Disease in Childhood 88(9): 818-821.
Mody, L.; Krein, S.L. & Saint, S. 2015. A targeted infection prevention intervention in nursing home residents with indwelling devices: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med.
Pignanelli, S.; Brusa, S.; Pulcrano, G.; Catania, M.R.; Cocchi, E. & Lanari, M. 2015. A rare case of infant sepsis due to the emm-89 genotype of Group a Streptococcus within a community-acquired cluster. New Microbiolica 38(4): 589-92.
Prestinaci, F.; Pezzotti, P. & Pantosti, A. 2015. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health 109(7): 309-318.
Tenover, F.C. 2006. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. The American Journal of Medicine 119(6 Suppl. 1): S3-10.
Timothy J.F. 2017. Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Current status and future prospects FEMS Microbiology Reviews 41(3): 430-449,
Walsh, C.T. & Wencewicz, T.A. 2016. Antibiotics: Challenges, Mechanisms, Opportunities. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
Winn, W.S.; Allen, W.; Janda, E.; Koneman, G.; Procop, P.; Schreckenberger, G. & Woods. 2006. Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
References
Chelikani, P.; Fita, I. & Loewen, P.C. 2004. Diversity of structures and properties among catalases. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 61(2): 192-208.
Collee, J.G.; Fraser, A.G.; Marmison, B.P. & Simpson, S.A. 1996. Mackie and MaCartneys. Practical medical microbiology. 14th ed. ChurchillLivingstone, U.K.
Foxman, B.; D'Arcy, H.; Gillespie, B.; Bobo, J.K. & Schwartz, K. 2002. Lactation mastitis: occurrence and medical management among 946 breastfeeding women in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology 55(2):103-114.
Guido, F. & Pascale, F. 2005. Performance of the New VITEK 2 GP Card for Identification of Medically Relevant Gram-Positive Cocci in a Routine Clinical Laboratory. J Clin Microbiol, 43(1): 84-88.
Jain, P. & Varshney, R. 2011. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 3(3): 260-263.
Johnstone, K.J.; Robson, J.; Cherian, S.G.; Wan Sai Cheong, J.; Kerr, K. & Bligh, J.F. 2017. Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis associated with Corynebacterium including Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii. Pathology 49(4): 405-412.
Karkman, A.; Do, T.T.; Walsh, F. & Virta, M.P.J 2018. Antibiotic-resistance genes in waste water. Trends Microbiology 26: 220-228.
MacFaddin, J.F. 2000. Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria. 3rd edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA.
Maurice, F.; Broutin, I.; Podglajen, I.; Benas, P.; Collatz, E. & Dardel, F. 2008.Enzyme structural plasticity and the emergence of broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance. EMBO Reports 9: 344-349.
Michie, C.; Lockie, F. & Lynn, W. 2003. The challenge of mastitis". Archives of Disease in Childhood 88(9): 818-821.
Mody, L.; Krein, S.L. & Saint, S. 2015. A targeted infection prevention intervention in nursing home residents with indwelling devices: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med.
Pignanelli, S.; Brusa, S.; Pulcrano, G.; Catania, M.R.; Cocchi, E. & Lanari, M. 2015. A rare case of infant sepsis due to the emm-89 genotype of Group a Streptococcus within a community-acquired cluster. New Microbiolica 38(4): 589-92.
Prestinaci, F.; Pezzotti, P. & Pantosti, A. 2015. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health 109(7): 309-318.
Tenover, F.C. 2006. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. The American Journal of Medicine 119(6 Suppl. 1): S3-10.
Timothy J.F. 2017. Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Current status and future prospects FEMS Microbiology Reviews 41(3): 430-449,
Walsh, C.T. & Wencewicz, T.A. 2016. Antibiotics: Challenges, Mechanisms, Opportunities. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
Winn, W.S.; Allen, W.; Janda, E.; Koneman, G.; Procop, P.; Schreckenberger, G. & Woods. 2006. Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.