Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the levels of some biomarkers, including Galectin-3, Periostin, and Interleukin-33 in male albino rats induced as asthma disease model using albumin extracted from the egg. In addition, the histological and physiological indices were investigated to reveal of the protective role of fish oil (omega -3) (2-4mg/kg of body weight) against asthma induced by albumin for four weeks. These biomarkers are new diagnostic biomarkers for asthma-induced disease by albumen extracted from the egg and aluminum hydroxide. For this purpose, forty male albino rats were treated during 2020 to December 2020. The experimental animals are divided into four groups included: (1) treated group: ten animals for one month administrated with 2mg/kg omega-3, (2) 10 animals for one month administrated with 4mg/kg omega-3, (3) asthma induced group with 10 animals, and control group 10 animals. The results showed significant increases in serum concentrations of Galectin-3, Periostin, and Intrleukin-33 in induced asthma albino rats group (P<0.05), while there was a significant decrease in serum concentrations of Galectin-3, Periostin, and Interleukin-33 in the groups which treated with omega-3 fish oil as compared with induced asthma albino rats group (P<0.05). The histological sections of albino rats’ lungs revealed asthma induction in lung tissue which represented by degeneration, necrosis and high amount of the mucous production in bronchioles as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells around bronchioles while effects of albumin in bronchi and trachea sections showed sloughing, degeneration and necrosis around the epithelium of bronchioles. Based on the results, fish oil omega-3 has improved most histological and physiological deterioration.
Keywords
Asthma
Periostin
Albumin
Fish oil
Omega-3
Albino rats.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
AL-AWADI, J. H. H. (2021). The effects of fish oil omega-3 on asthma induced by albumin in male albino rats. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 187–193. Retrieved from https://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/010026
References
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Abreu, S.C.; Xisto, D.G.; Morales, M.M. & Rocco, P.R. et al. 2014. Effects of bone marrow mononuclear cells from healthy or ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation donors on recipient allergic asthma mice. Stem Cell Research and Therapy 5: 108.
Al-Dujaili, A.N.G. & Al-Shemeri, M.K. 2016. Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and Rosuvastatin on Endothelin and Obestatin in Rats Induced By High Fat-Diet. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences 7(3): 1022-1030.
Alves, C.M.; Silva, D.A.; Azzolini, A.E.C.; Marzocchi-Machado, C.M.; Carvalho, J.V.; Pajuaba, A.C.A. & Mineo, J.R. 2010. Galectin-3 plays a modulatory role in the life span and activation of murine neutrophils during early Toxoplasma gondii infection. Immunobiology 215(6): 475-485.
Anderson, D.S.; Silva, R.M.; Lee, D.; Edwards, P.C.; Sharmah, A.; Guo, T. & Van Winkle, L.S. 2015. Persistence of silver nanoparticles in the rat lung: Influence of dose, size, and chemical composition. Nanotoxicology 9(5): 591-602.
Bartemes, K.R.; Iijima, K.; Kobayashi, T.; Kephart, G.M.; McKenzie, A.N. & Kita, H. 2012. IL-33–responsive lineage− CD25+ CD44hi lymphoid cells mediate innate type 2 immunity and allergic inflammation in the lungs. The Journal of Immunology 188(3): 1503-1513.
Calder, P.C. 2006. n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83(6): 1505S-1519S.
Cayrol, C. & Girard, J.P. 2018. Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33): a nuclear cytokine from the IL‐1 family. Immunological Reviews 281(1): 154-168.
Cheng, S.L. 2021. Immunologic Pathophysiology and Airway Remodeling Mechanism in Severe Asthma: Focused on IgE-Mediated Pathways. Diagnostics 11(1): 83.
Choy, D.F.; Hart, K.M.; Borthwick, L.A; Shikotra, A. et al. 2015. TH2 and TH17 inflammatory pathways are reciprocally regulated in asthma. Science Translational Medicine 7(301): 303ra129.
Farokhi, F. & Khaneshi, F. 2013. Histophatologic changes of lung in asthmatic male rats treated with hydro-alcoholic extract of Plantago major and theophylline. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 3(2): 143.
Gao, P.; Simpson, J.L.; Zhang, J. & Gibson, P.G. 2013. Galectin-3: its role in asthma and potential as an anti-inflammatory target. Respiratory Research 14(1): 1-9.
Grayson Mitchell, H.; Scott, F.; Benjamin, T; Prince Priya, J.; Patel Elizabeth, C. & Andrea Apter, J. 2018. Advances in asthma in 2017: mechanisms, biologics, and genetics. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 142(5): 1423-1436.
Jawad, M.M.; Homady, M.H. & Aldujaili, A.N. 2017. Protective effect of phenolic extract of Urtica dioica leaves against carbon tetra-chloride induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 10(8): 2619-2627.
Kadhim, M.M.; Aldujaili, A.N. & Homady, M.H. 2017. Assessment of hepatoprotective role of phenolic extract of Urticadioica and silver nanoparticles in male rat induced by carbon tetra-chloride. Rasāyan Journal of Chemistry (10): 305-312
Mauri, P.; Maria, A.; Rossana, R.R.; Di Silvestrea, D.; Benazzi, L.; De Ferrari, L.; Dal Negroc, R. W.; . Holgate, S.T. & Canonica, G.W. 2014. Proteomics of bronchial biopsies: Galectin-3 as a predictive biomarker of airway remodelling modulation in omalizumab-treated severe asthma patients. Immunology Letters 162: 2-10.
Mohammed, Z.I. & Qasim, M.T. 2021. Correlation of AMH and LH Levels in PCOS Patients with Pregnancy Rate. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 945-951.
Mukherjee, N. & O'claonadh, N.; A. Casey, A. & Chambers, G. 2012. Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity study of silver nanoparticle on two mammalian cell lines. Toxicology in Vitro 26(2): 238-251.
Munakata, M. 2006. Airway Remodeling and Airway Smooth Muscle in Asthma. Allergology International 55: 235-243.
Pavord, I.D.; Beasley, R.; Agusti, A.; Anderson, G.P.; Bel, E.; Brusselle, G. & Bush, A. 2018. After asthma: redefining airways diseases. The Lancet 391(10118): 350-400.
Poole, A.; Urbanek, C.; Eng, C.; Burchard, E.G.; Rodriguez-Santana, J.; Seibold, M.A. 2014. Dissecting childhood asthma with nasal transcriptomics distinguishes subphenotypes of disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 133(3): 670-8.e12.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. Investigate the relation between Baicalin effect and gene expression of LH, FSH, Testosterone in male rats treated with Gemcitabine drug. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12(9): 4135-4141.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. The immunological and protective role of baicalin in male rats treated with chemotherapy (Gemcitabine). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1234(1): 012065). IOP Publishing.
Saluja, R.; Ketelaar, M.E.; Hawro, T.; Chuech, M.K.; Maurer, M.; Nawjin, M.C. 2014. The role of the IL-33/IL-1RL1 axis in mast cell and basophil activation in allergic disorders. Molecular Immunology 63(1): 80-5.
Selim, N.; El shaikh, S. & Metwally, W. 2020. Correlation of serum periostin level with the clinical severity and other biomarkers in allergic rhinitis patients. Zagazig University Medical Journal 1131-1139.
Shabgah, A.G.; Qasim, M.T.; Mostafavi, S.M.; Zekiy, A. O.; Ezzatifar, F.; Ahmadi, M. & Navashenaq, J.G. 2021. CXC chemokine ligand 16: a Swiss army knife chemokine in cancer. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 23.
Shin, S.H.; Ye, M.K. 2012. The effect of nano-silver on allergic rhinitis model in mice. Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology 5: 222-227.
Stoodley, I.; Garg, M.; Scott, H.; Macdonald-Wicks, L.; Berthon, B. & Wood, L. 2020. Higher Omega-3 Index Is Associated with Better Asthma Control and Lower Medication Dose: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 12: 74, 2-14.
Suvarna, K.S.; Layton, C. & Bancroft, J.D. 2018. Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of oxygen–ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Biology International.
Toraya-Brown, S.; Sheen, M.R.; S.; Zhang, P. et al. (2014). Local hyperthermia treatment of tumors induces CD8(+) T cell-mediated resistance against distal and secondary tumors. Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 10(6): 1273-1285.
Yates, M.Y.; Calder, P.C. & Rainger, G.E. 2014. Pharmacology and therapeutics of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in chronic inflammatory disease. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 141(3): 272–282.
References
Abreu, S.C.; Xisto, D.G.; Morales, M.M. & Rocco, P.R. et al. 2014. Effects of bone marrow mononuclear cells from healthy or ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation donors on recipient allergic asthma mice. Stem Cell Research and Therapy 5: 108.
Al-Dujaili, A.N.G. & Al-Shemeri, M.K. 2016. Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and Rosuvastatin on Endothelin and Obestatin in Rats Induced By High Fat-Diet. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences 7(3): 1022-1030.
Alves, C.M.; Silva, D.A.; Azzolini, A.E.C.; Marzocchi-Machado, C.M.; Carvalho, J.V.; Pajuaba, A.C.A. & Mineo, J.R. 2010. Galectin-3 plays a modulatory role in the life span and activation of murine neutrophils during early Toxoplasma gondii infection. Immunobiology 215(6): 475-485.
Anderson, D.S.; Silva, R.M.; Lee, D.; Edwards, P.C.; Sharmah, A.; Guo, T. & Van Winkle, L.S. 2015. Persistence of silver nanoparticles in the rat lung: Influence of dose, size, and chemical composition. Nanotoxicology 9(5): 591-602.
Bartemes, K.R.; Iijima, K.; Kobayashi, T.; Kephart, G.M.; McKenzie, A.N. & Kita, H. 2012. IL-33–responsive lineage− CD25+ CD44hi lymphoid cells mediate innate type 2 immunity and allergic inflammation in the lungs. The Journal of Immunology 188(3): 1503-1513.
Calder, P.C. 2006. n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83(6): 1505S-1519S.
Cayrol, C. & Girard, J.P. 2018. Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33): a nuclear cytokine from the IL‐1 family. Immunological Reviews 281(1): 154-168.
Cheng, S.L. 2021. Immunologic Pathophysiology and Airway Remodeling Mechanism in Severe Asthma: Focused on IgE-Mediated Pathways. Diagnostics 11(1): 83.
Choy, D.F.; Hart, K.M.; Borthwick, L.A; Shikotra, A. et al. 2015. TH2 and TH17 inflammatory pathways are reciprocally regulated in asthma. Science Translational Medicine 7(301): 303ra129.
Farokhi, F. & Khaneshi, F. 2013. Histophatologic changes of lung in asthmatic male rats treated with hydro-alcoholic extract of Plantago major and theophylline. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 3(2): 143.
Gao, P.; Simpson, J.L.; Zhang, J. & Gibson, P.G. 2013. Galectin-3: its role in asthma and potential as an anti-inflammatory target. Respiratory Research 14(1): 1-9.
Grayson Mitchell, H.; Scott, F.; Benjamin, T; Prince Priya, J.; Patel Elizabeth, C. & Andrea Apter, J. 2018. Advances in asthma in 2017: mechanisms, biologics, and genetics. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 142(5): 1423-1436.
Jawad, M.M.; Homady, M.H. & Aldujaili, A.N. 2017. Protective effect of phenolic extract of Urtica dioica leaves against carbon tetra-chloride induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 10(8): 2619-2627.
Kadhim, M.M.; Aldujaili, A.N. & Homady, M.H. 2017. Assessment of hepatoprotective role of phenolic extract of Urticadioica and silver nanoparticles in male rat induced by carbon tetra-chloride. Rasāyan Journal of Chemistry (10): 305-312
Mauri, P.; Maria, A.; Rossana, R.R.; Di Silvestrea, D.; Benazzi, L.; De Ferrari, L.; Dal Negroc, R. W.; . Holgate, S.T. & Canonica, G.W. 2014. Proteomics of bronchial biopsies: Galectin-3 as a predictive biomarker of airway remodelling modulation in omalizumab-treated severe asthma patients. Immunology Letters 162: 2-10.
Mohammed, Z.I. & Qasim, M.T. 2021. Correlation of AMH and LH Levels in PCOS Patients with Pregnancy Rate. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 945-951.
Mukherjee, N. & O'claonadh, N.; A. Casey, A. & Chambers, G. 2012. Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity study of silver nanoparticle on two mammalian cell lines. Toxicology in Vitro 26(2): 238-251.
Munakata, M. 2006. Airway Remodeling and Airway Smooth Muscle in Asthma. Allergology International 55: 235-243.
Pavord, I.D.; Beasley, R.; Agusti, A.; Anderson, G.P.; Bel, E.; Brusselle, G. & Bush, A. 2018. After asthma: redefining airways diseases. The Lancet 391(10118): 350-400.
Poole, A.; Urbanek, C.; Eng, C.; Burchard, E.G.; Rodriguez-Santana, J.; Seibold, M.A. 2014. Dissecting childhood asthma with nasal transcriptomics distinguishes subphenotypes of disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 133(3): 670-8.e12.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. Investigate the relation between Baicalin effect and gene expression of LH, FSH, Testosterone in male rats treated with Gemcitabine drug. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12(9): 4135-4141.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. The immunological and protective role of baicalin in male rats treated with chemotherapy (Gemcitabine). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1234(1): 012065). IOP Publishing.
Saluja, R.; Ketelaar, M.E.; Hawro, T.; Chuech, M.K.; Maurer, M.; Nawjin, M.C. 2014. The role of the IL-33/IL-1RL1 axis in mast cell and basophil activation in allergic disorders. Molecular Immunology 63(1): 80-5.
Selim, N.; El shaikh, S. & Metwally, W. 2020. Correlation of serum periostin level with the clinical severity and other biomarkers in allergic rhinitis patients. Zagazig University Medical Journal 1131-1139.
Shabgah, A.G.; Qasim, M.T.; Mostafavi, S.M.; Zekiy, A. O.; Ezzatifar, F.; Ahmadi, M. & Navashenaq, J.G. 2021. CXC chemokine ligand 16: a Swiss army knife chemokine in cancer. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 23.
Shin, S.H.; Ye, M.K. 2012. The effect of nano-silver on allergic rhinitis model in mice. Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology 5: 222-227.
Stoodley, I.; Garg, M.; Scott, H.; Macdonald-Wicks, L.; Berthon, B. & Wood, L. 2020. Higher Omega-3 Index Is Associated with Better Asthma Control and Lower Medication Dose: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 12: 74, 2-14.
Suvarna, K.S.; Layton, C. & Bancroft, J.D. 2018. Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of oxygen–ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Biology International.
Toraya-Brown, S.; Sheen, M.R.; S.; Zhang, P. et al. (2014). Local hyperthermia treatment of tumors induces CD8(+) T cell-mediated resistance against distal and secondary tumors. Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 10(6): 1273-1285.
Yates, M.Y.; Calder, P.C. & Rainger, G.E. 2014. Pharmacology and therapeutics of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in chronic inflammatory disease. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 141(3): 272–282.
Al-Dujaili, A.N.G. & Al-Shemeri, M.K. 2016. Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and Rosuvastatin on Endothelin and Obestatin in Rats Induced By High Fat-Diet. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences 7(3): 1022-1030.
Alves, C.M.; Silva, D.A.; Azzolini, A.E.C.; Marzocchi-Machado, C.M.; Carvalho, J.V.; Pajuaba, A.C.A. & Mineo, J.R. 2010. Galectin-3 plays a modulatory role in the life span and activation of murine neutrophils during early Toxoplasma gondii infection. Immunobiology 215(6): 475-485.
Anderson, D.S.; Silva, R.M.; Lee, D.; Edwards, P.C.; Sharmah, A.; Guo, T. & Van Winkle, L.S. 2015. Persistence of silver nanoparticles in the rat lung: Influence of dose, size, and chemical composition. Nanotoxicology 9(5): 591-602.
Bartemes, K.R.; Iijima, K.; Kobayashi, T.; Kephart, G.M.; McKenzie, A.N. & Kita, H. 2012. IL-33–responsive lineage− CD25+ CD44hi lymphoid cells mediate innate type 2 immunity and allergic inflammation in the lungs. The Journal of Immunology 188(3): 1503-1513.
Calder, P.C. 2006. n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83(6): 1505S-1519S.
Cayrol, C. & Girard, J.P. 2018. Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33): a nuclear cytokine from the IL‐1 family. Immunological Reviews 281(1): 154-168.
Cheng, S.L. 2021. Immunologic Pathophysiology and Airway Remodeling Mechanism in Severe Asthma: Focused on IgE-Mediated Pathways. Diagnostics 11(1): 83.
Choy, D.F.; Hart, K.M.; Borthwick, L.A; Shikotra, A. et al. 2015. TH2 and TH17 inflammatory pathways are reciprocally regulated in asthma. Science Translational Medicine 7(301): 303ra129.
Farokhi, F. & Khaneshi, F. 2013. Histophatologic changes of lung in asthmatic male rats treated with hydro-alcoholic extract of Plantago major and theophylline. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 3(2): 143.
Gao, P.; Simpson, J.L.; Zhang, J. & Gibson, P.G. 2013. Galectin-3: its role in asthma and potential as an anti-inflammatory target. Respiratory Research 14(1): 1-9.
Grayson Mitchell, H.; Scott, F.; Benjamin, T; Prince Priya, J.; Patel Elizabeth, C. & Andrea Apter, J. 2018. Advances in asthma in 2017: mechanisms, biologics, and genetics. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 142(5): 1423-1436.
Jawad, M.M.; Homady, M.H. & Aldujaili, A.N. 2017. Protective effect of phenolic extract of Urtica dioica leaves against carbon tetra-chloride induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 10(8): 2619-2627.
Kadhim, M.M.; Aldujaili, A.N. & Homady, M.H. 2017. Assessment of hepatoprotective role of phenolic extract of Urticadioica and silver nanoparticles in male rat induced by carbon tetra-chloride. Rasāyan Journal of Chemistry (10): 305-312
Mauri, P.; Maria, A.; Rossana, R.R.; Di Silvestrea, D.; Benazzi, L.; De Ferrari, L.; Dal Negroc, R. W.; . Holgate, S.T. & Canonica, G.W. 2014. Proteomics of bronchial biopsies: Galectin-3 as a predictive biomarker of airway remodelling modulation in omalizumab-treated severe asthma patients. Immunology Letters 162: 2-10.
Mohammed, Z.I. & Qasim, M.T. 2021. Correlation of AMH and LH Levels in PCOS Patients with Pregnancy Rate. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 945-951.
Mukherjee, N. & O'claonadh, N.; A. Casey, A. & Chambers, G. 2012. Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity study of silver nanoparticle on two mammalian cell lines. Toxicology in Vitro 26(2): 238-251.
Munakata, M. 2006. Airway Remodeling and Airway Smooth Muscle in Asthma. Allergology International 55: 235-243.
Pavord, I.D.; Beasley, R.; Agusti, A.; Anderson, G.P.; Bel, E.; Brusselle, G. & Bush, A. 2018. After asthma: redefining airways diseases. The Lancet 391(10118): 350-400.
Poole, A.; Urbanek, C.; Eng, C.; Burchard, E.G.; Rodriguez-Santana, J.; Seibold, M.A. 2014. Dissecting childhood asthma with nasal transcriptomics distinguishes subphenotypes of disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 133(3): 670-8.e12.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. Investigate the relation between Baicalin effect and gene expression of LH, FSH, Testosterone in male rats treated with Gemcitabine drug. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12(9): 4135-4141.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. The immunological and protective role of baicalin in male rats treated with chemotherapy (Gemcitabine). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1234(1): 012065). IOP Publishing.
Saluja, R.; Ketelaar, M.E.; Hawro, T.; Chuech, M.K.; Maurer, M.; Nawjin, M.C. 2014. The role of the IL-33/IL-1RL1 axis in mast cell and basophil activation in allergic disorders. Molecular Immunology 63(1): 80-5.
Selim, N.; El shaikh, S. & Metwally, W. 2020. Correlation of serum periostin level with the clinical severity and other biomarkers in allergic rhinitis patients. Zagazig University Medical Journal 1131-1139.
Shabgah, A.G.; Qasim, M.T.; Mostafavi, S.M.; Zekiy, A. O.; Ezzatifar, F.; Ahmadi, M. & Navashenaq, J.G. 2021. CXC chemokine ligand 16: a Swiss army knife chemokine in cancer. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 23.
Shin, S.H.; Ye, M.K. 2012. The effect of nano-silver on allergic rhinitis model in mice. Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology 5: 222-227.
Stoodley, I.; Garg, M.; Scott, H.; Macdonald-Wicks, L.; Berthon, B. & Wood, L. 2020. Higher Omega-3 Index Is Associated with Better Asthma Control and Lower Medication Dose: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 12: 74, 2-14.
Suvarna, K.S.; Layton, C. & Bancroft, J.D. 2018. Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of oxygen–ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Biology International.
Toraya-Brown, S.; Sheen, M.R.; S.; Zhang, P. et al. (2014). Local hyperthermia treatment of tumors induces CD8(+) T cell-mediated resistance against distal and secondary tumors. Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 10(6): 1273-1285.
Yates, M.Y.; Calder, P.C. & Rainger, G.E. 2014. Pharmacology and therapeutics of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in chronic inflammatory disease. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 141(3): 272–282.