Main Article Content
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an important disease in poultry industry with a high prevalence causing low food conversion rates with high death incidence. This study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence of coccidiosis in chickens in Al-Diwaniyah City. During August 2019 to January 2020, a total of 467 (277 broilers and 190 layers) chickens random gut and fecal samples were collected from local stores and farms. The samples were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Macroscopically, the results showed the presence of infection in the intestinal parts. The incidence findings of droppings were 30.68% (n =85/277) and 10.52 % (n=20/190), respectively. However, for the gut samples, higher occurrence rates (70.58 and 70%), respectively, were found. The results of the seasonal prevalence had effect on chicken based on month but varying from 5.88% in August to 36.47% in November in brioler, and 5% in August to 25% in October and November in Layer. A significantly increase (P<0.05) incidence rate (23.52%) was revealed as a clinical form in broilers than layers (0%).
Keywords
Coccidiosis
Prevalence
Season
Chickens.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
METEAB, B. K., KAREEM, H. I., HAMMADI, H. A., & ABEDALRAZZAQ, M. (2021). Prevalence of coccidiosis in the chickens of Diwaniya city, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 155–162. Retrieved from https://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/010022
References
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Al Se, M.A.H. 2013. Prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis associated with house reared chickens in Al-Muthanna province, Iraq. Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences 4(1).
Ali, H.; Naqvi, F. & Tariq, N. 2014. Prevalence of coccidiosis and its association with risk factors in poultry of Quetta, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 2(4).
Allenand P.C. & Fetterer, R.H. 2002. Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15(1): 58-65.
Al-Natour, M.Q.; Suleiman, M.M. & Abo-Shehada, M.N. 2002. Flock-level prevalence of Eimeria species among broiler chicks in northern Jordan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 53(4): 305-310,
Al-Quraishy, S.; Abdel-Baki, A.S. & Dkhil, M.A. 2009. Eimeria tenella infection among broiler chicks Gallus domesticus in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University- Science 21: 191-193.
Awais, M.M.; Akhtar, M.; Iqbal, Z.; Muhammad, F. & Anwar, M.I. 2012. Seasonal prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44(2): 323-328,
Bachaya, H.A.; Raza, M.A.; Khan, M.N. 2012. Predominance and detection of different Eimeria species causing coccidiosis in layer chickens. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 22(3): 597-600.
Blake, D.P. & Tomley, F.M. 2014. Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge. Trends in Parasitology. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.pt.2013.10.003
Conway, D.P. & McKenzie, M.E. 2008. Poultry coccidiosis: Diagnostic and testing procedures. poultry coccidiosis. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470344620. fmatter.
D.OljiraMelaku, A. & Bogale, B. 2012. Prevalence and risk factors of coccidiosis in poultry farms in and around Ambo Town, western Ethiopia. The American-Eurasian Journal of Science Research 7(4): 146-149.
Gharekhani, J.; Sadeghi-Dehkordi, Z. & Bahrami M. 2014. Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Broiler Chicken Farms in Western Iran. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Veterinary Medicine Article ID 980604.
Gharekhani, J.; Sadeghi-Dehkordi, Z. & Bahrami, M. 2014. Prevalence of coccidiosis in broiler chicken farms in Western Iran. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 4.
Grema, H.A.; Suleiman, A.; Rabana, J.L. & Geidam, Y.A. 2014. A six year (2005-2010) retrospective study of avian coccidiosis diagnosed in Gombe veterinary clinic, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 12(2): 8-13.
Gussem, M.D. 2006. Coccidiosis in poultry: review on diagnosis, control, prevention and interaction with overall gut health. 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Hafez.
Gyorke, A.L. & Cozma, V. 2013. Prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species in broiler chicken farms of different capacities. Parasite 20(1): 52.
Hadipour, M.M.; Olyaie, A.; Naderi, M.; Azad, F. & Nekouie, O. 2011. Prevalence of Eimeria species in scavenging native chickens of Shiraz, Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5(20): 3296-3299.
Hamid, P.H.; Kristianingrum, Y.P.; Wardhana, A.H.; Prastowo, S., & Silva, L.M.R.D. 2018. Chicken coccidiosis in Central Java, Indonesia: A recent update. Veterinary medicine international, 2018.
Hamza, D.M.; Al-Massodi, R.H. & Jeddoa, M.A. 2015. Molecular detection and discrimination of three poultry Eimeria species in Kerbala and Babylon provinces, Iraq. International Journal of Current Research and Review 7(11): 13.
Haug, A.; Gjevre, A.-G.; Thebo, P.; Mattsson, J.G. & Kaldhusdal, M. 2008. Coccidial infections in commercial broilers: epidemiological aspects and comparison of Eimeria species identification by morphometric and polymerase chain reaction techniques. Avian Pathology 37(2):161-170.
Kaboudi, K.; Umar, S. & Munir, M.T. 2016. Prevalence of coccidiosis in free-range chicken in Sidi Thabet, Tunisia. Scientifica, 2016.
Karaer, Z.; Guven, E.; Akcay, A.; Kar, S.; Nalbantoglu, S. & Cakmak, A. 2012. Prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis in broiler farms in Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44(3): 589-594.
Khan, M.Q.; Irshad, H.; Anjum, R.; Jahangir, M. & Nasir, U. 2006. Eimeriosis in poultry of Rawalpindi/ Islam abad area. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 26(2): 85-87.
Lawal, A.I.; Jatau, I. D.; Musa, B. & Saleh, U. 2008. Studies on the coccidian infection in local chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Zaria and the implications for the commercial poultry production. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2: 62-65.
Lawal, J.R.; Jajere, S.M. & Ibrahim U.I. 2016. Prevalence of coccidiosis among village and exotic breed of chickens in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Veterinary World 9(6): 653-659.
Levine, N.D. 1985. Veterinary Protozoology. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA,
MAAL, H. 2014. Epidemiological study of coccidiosis in quail in Baghdad city. Journal of Kerbala University 10(2): 42-49.
Mc-Dougald, L.F. & Mattiello, R.A. 1997. Survey of coccidia on 43 poultry farms in Argentina. Avian Disease 41(3): 923-929.
Muazu, A.; Masdooq, A.A.; Ngbede, J.; Salihu, A.E.; Haruna, G.; Habu, A. K. & Jamilu, H. 2008. Prevalence and identification of species of Eimeria causing coccidiosis in poultry within Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry Science.
Nikam, S.V.; Kanse, V.S.; Jadhav, B.N., & Jaid, E.L. 2012. Comparative study of seasonal incidence of chicken coccidiosis in eight districts of Marathwada region, Maharashtra state, India. Trends Parasitology Research 1(1): 7-9.
Ola-Fadunsin, S.D. 2017. Investigations on the occurrence and associated risk factors of avian coccidiosis in Osun state, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology Research 2017.
Ola-Fadunsinand, S.D. & Ademola, I.O. 2014. Anticoccidial effects of Morinda lucida acetone extracts on broiler chickens naturally infected with Eimeria species. Pharmaceutical Biology 52(3): 330-334.
Razmi, G.R. & Kalideri, G.A. 2000. Prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis in broiler-chicken farms in the municipality of Mashhad, Khorasan, Iran. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 44(3-4): 247-253,
Seifert H.S. 2006. Tropical Animal Health, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Mass, USA.
Shirzad, M.R.; Seifi, S.; Gheisari, H.R.; Hachesoo, B.A.; Habibi, H. & Bujmehrani, H. 2011. Prevalence and riskfactors forsubclinical coccidiosis in broiler chicken farms in Mazandaran province, Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production 43(8): 1601-1604,
Soulsby EJ.H. 1982. Arthropods and Protozoan’s of Domesticated Animals, 7th edition. Bailliere Tindall, London. 630 p.
References
Al Se, M.A.H. 2013. Prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis associated with house reared chickens in Al-Muthanna province, Iraq. Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences 4(1).
Ali, H.; Naqvi, F. & Tariq, N. 2014. Prevalence of coccidiosis and its association with risk factors in poultry of Quetta, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 2(4).
Allenand P.C. & Fetterer, R.H. 2002. Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15(1): 58-65.
Al-Natour, M.Q.; Suleiman, M.M. & Abo-Shehada, M.N. 2002. Flock-level prevalence of Eimeria species among broiler chicks in northern Jordan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 53(4): 305-310,
Al-Quraishy, S.; Abdel-Baki, A.S. & Dkhil, M.A. 2009. Eimeria tenella infection among broiler chicks Gallus domesticus in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University- Science 21: 191-193.
Awais, M.M.; Akhtar, M.; Iqbal, Z.; Muhammad, F. & Anwar, M.I. 2012. Seasonal prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44(2): 323-328,
Bachaya, H.A.; Raza, M.A.; Khan, M.N. 2012. Predominance and detection of different Eimeria species causing coccidiosis in layer chickens. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 22(3): 597-600.
Blake, D.P. & Tomley, F.M. 2014. Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge. Trends in Parasitology. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.pt.2013.10.003
Conway, D.P. & McKenzie, M.E. 2008. Poultry coccidiosis: Diagnostic and testing procedures. poultry coccidiosis. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470344620. fmatter.
D.OljiraMelaku, A. & Bogale, B. 2012. Prevalence and risk factors of coccidiosis in poultry farms in and around Ambo Town, western Ethiopia. The American-Eurasian Journal of Science Research 7(4): 146-149.
Gharekhani, J.; Sadeghi-Dehkordi, Z. & Bahrami M. 2014. Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Broiler Chicken Farms in Western Iran. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Veterinary Medicine Article ID 980604.
Gharekhani, J.; Sadeghi-Dehkordi, Z. & Bahrami, M. 2014. Prevalence of coccidiosis in broiler chicken farms in Western Iran. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 4.
Grema, H.A.; Suleiman, A.; Rabana, J.L. & Geidam, Y.A. 2014. A six year (2005-2010) retrospective study of avian coccidiosis diagnosed in Gombe veterinary clinic, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 12(2): 8-13.
Gussem, M.D. 2006. Coccidiosis in poultry: review on diagnosis, control, prevention and interaction with overall gut health. 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Hafez.
Gyorke, A.L. & Cozma, V. 2013. Prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species in broiler chicken farms of different capacities. Parasite 20(1): 52.
Hadipour, M.M.; Olyaie, A.; Naderi, M.; Azad, F. & Nekouie, O. 2011. Prevalence of Eimeria species in scavenging native chickens of Shiraz, Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5(20): 3296-3299.
Hamid, P.H.; Kristianingrum, Y.P.; Wardhana, A.H.; Prastowo, S., & Silva, L.M.R.D. 2018. Chicken coccidiosis in Central Java, Indonesia: A recent update. Veterinary medicine international, 2018.
Hamza, D.M.; Al-Massodi, R.H. & Jeddoa, M.A. 2015. Molecular detection and discrimination of three poultry Eimeria species in Kerbala and Babylon provinces, Iraq. International Journal of Current Research and Review 7(11): 13.
Haug, A.; Gjevre, A.-G.; Thebo, P.; Mattsson, J.G. & Kaldhusdal, M. 2008. Coccidial infections in commercial broilers: epidemiological aspects and comparison of Eimeria species identification by morphometric and polymerase chain reaction techniques. Avian Pathology 37(2):161-170.
Kaboudi, K.; Umar, S. & Munir, M.T. 2016. Prevalence of coccidiosis in free-range chicken in Sidi Thabet, Tunisia. Scientifica, 2016.
Karaer, Z.; Guven, E.; Akcay, A.; Kar, S.; Nalbantoglu, S. & Cakmak, A. 2012. Prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis in broiler farms in Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44(3): 589-594.
Khan, M.Q.; Irshad, H.; Anjum, R.; Jahangir, M. & Nasir, U. 2006. Eimeriosis in poultry of Rawalpindi/ Islam abad area. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 26(2): 85-87.
Lawal, A.I.; Jatau, I. D.; Musa, B. & Saleh, U. 2008. Studies on the coccidian infection in local chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Zaria and the implications for the commercial poultry production. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2: 62-65.
Lawal, J.R.; Jajere, S.M. & Ibrahim U.I. 2016. Prevalence of coccidiosis among village and exotic breed of chickens in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Veterinary World 9(6): 653-659.
Levine, N.D. 1985. Veterinary Protozoology. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA,
MAAL, H. 2014. Epidemiological study of coccidiosis in quail in Baghdad city. Journal of Kerbala University 10(2): 42-49.
Mc-Dougald, L.F. & Mattiello, R.A. 1997. Survey of coccidia on 43 poultry farms in Argentina. Avian Disease 41(3): 923-929.
Muazu, A.; Masdooq, A.A.; Ngbede, J.; Salihu, A.E.; Haruna, G.; Habu, A. K. & Jamilu, H. 2008. Prevalence and identification of species of Eimeria causing coccidiosis in poultry within Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry Science.
Nikam, S.V.; Kanse, V.S.; Jadhav, B.N., & Jaid, E.L. 2012. Comparative study of seasonal incidence of chicken coccidiosis in eight districts of Marathwada region, Maharashtra state, India. Trends Parasitology Research 1(1): 7-9.
Ola-Fadunsin, S.D. 2017. Investigations on the occurrence and associated risk factors of avian coccidiosis in Osun state, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology Research 2017.
Ola-Fadunsinand, S.D. & Ademola, I.O. 2014. Anticoccidial effects of Morinda lucida acetone extracts on broiler chickens naturally infected with Eimeria species. Pharmaceutical Biology 52(3): 330-334.
Razmi, G.R. & Kalideri, G.A. 2000. Prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis in broiler-chicken farms in the municipality of Mashhad, Khorasan, Iran. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 44(3-4): 247-253,
Seifert H.S. 2006. Tropical Animal Health, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Mass, USA.
Shirzad, M.R.; Seifi, S.; Gheisari, H.R.; Hachesoo, B.A.; Habibi, H. & Bujmehrani, H. 2011. Prevalence and riskfactors forsubclinical coccidiosis in broiler chicken farms in Mazandaran province, Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production 43(8): 1601-1604,
Soulsby EJ.H. 1982. Arthropods and Protozoan’s of Domesticated Animals, 7th edition. Bailliere Tindall, London. 630 p.
Ali, H.; Naqvi, F. & Tariq, N. 2014. Prevalence of coccidiosis and its association with risk factors in poultry of Quetta, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 2(4).
Allenand P.C. & Fetterer, R.H. 2002. Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15(1): 58-65.
Al-Natour, M.Q.; Suleiman, M.M. & Abo-Shehada, M.N. 2002. Flock-level prevalence of Eimeria species among broiler chicks in northern Jordan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 53(4): 305-310,
Al-Quraishy, S.; Abdel-Baki, A.S. & Dkhil, M.A. 2009. Eimeria tenella infection among broiler chicks Gallus domesticus in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University- Science 21: 191-193.
Awais, M.M.; Akhtar, M.; Iqbal, Z.; Muhammad, F. & Anwar, M.I. 2012. Seasonal prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44(2): 323-328,
Bachaya, H.A.; Raza, M.A.; Khan, M.N. 2012. Predominance and detection of different Eimeria species causing coccidiosis in layer chickens. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 22(3): 597-600.
Blake, D.P. & Tomley, F.M. 2014. Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge. Trends in Parasitology. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.pt.2013.10.003
Conway, D.P. & McKenzie, M.E. 2008. Poultry coccidiosis: Diagnostic and testing procedures. poultry coccidiosis. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470344620. fmatter.
D.OljiraMelaku, A. & Bogale, B. 2012. Prevalence and risk factors of coccidiosis in poultry farms in and around Ambo Town, western Ethiopia. The American-Eurasian Journal of Science Research 7(4): 146-149.
Gharekhani, J.; Sadeghi-Dehkordi, Z. & Bahrami M. 2014. Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Broiler Chicken Farms in Western Iran. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Veterinary Medicine Article ID 980604.
Gharekhani, J.; Sadeghi-Dehkordi, Z. & Bahrami, M. 2014. Prevalence of coccidiosis in broiler chicken farms in Western Iran. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 4.
Grema, H.A.; Suleiman, A.; Rabana, J.L. & Geidam, Y.A. 2014. A six year (2005-2010) retrospective study of avian coccidiosis diagnosed in Gombe veterinary clinic, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 12(2): 8-13.
Gussem, M.D. 2006. Coccidiosis in poultry: review on diagnosis, control, prevention and interaction with overall gut health. 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Hafez.
Gyorke, A.L. & Cozma, V. 2013. Prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species in broiler chicken farms of different capacities. Parasite 20(1): 52.
Hadipour, M.M.; Olyaie, A.; Naderi, M.; Azad, F. & Nekouie, O. 2011. Prevalence of Eimeria species in scavenging native chickens of Shiraz, Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5(20): 3296-3299.
Hamid, P.H.; Kristianingrum, Y.P.; Wardhana, A.H.; Prastowo, S., & Silva, L.M.R.D. 2018. Chicken coccidiosis in Central Java, Indonesia: A recent update. Veterinary medicine international, 2018.
Hamza, D.M.; Al-Massodi, R.H. & Jeddoa, M.A. 2015. Molecular detection and discrimination of three poultry Eimeria species in Kerbala and Babylon provinces, Iraq. International Journal of Current Research and Review 7(11): 13.
Haug, A.; Gjevre, A.-G.; Thebo, P.; Mattsson, J.G. & Kaldhusdal, M. 2008. Coccidial infections in commercial broilers: epidemiological aspects and comparison of Eimeria species identification by morphometric and polymerase chain reaction techniques. Avian Pathology 37(2):161-170.
Kaboudi, K.; Umar, S. & Munir, M.T. 2016. Prevalence of coccidiosis in free-range chicken in Sidi Thabet, Tunisia. Scientifica, 2016.
Karaer, Z.; Guven, E.; Akcay, A.; Kar, S.; Nalbantoglu, S. & Cakmak, A. 2012. Prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis in broiler farms in Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44(3): 589-594.
Khan, M.Q.; Irshad, H.; Anjum, R.; Jahangir, M. & Nasir, U. 2006. Eimeriosis in poultry of Rawalpindi/ Islam abad area. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 26(2): 85-87.
Lawal, A.I.; Jatau, I. D.; Musa, B. & Saleh, U. 2008. Studies on the coccidian infection in local chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Zaria and the implications for the commercial poultry production. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2: 62-65.
Lawal, J.R.; Jajere, S.M. & Ibrahim U.I. 2016. Prevalence of coccidiosis among village and exotic breed of chickens in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Veterinary World 9(6): 653-659.
Levine, N.D. 1985. Veterinary Protozoology. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA,
MAAL, H. 2014. Epidemiological study of coccidiosis in quail in Baghdad city. Journal of Kerbala University 10(2): 42-49.
Mc-Dougald, L.F. & Mattiello, R.A. 1997. Survey of coccidia on 43 poultry farms in Argentina. Avian Disease 41(3): 923-929.
Muazu, A.; Masdooq, A.A.; Ngbede, J.; Salihu, A.E.; Haruna, G.; Habu, A. K. & Jamilu, H. 2008. Prevalence and identification of species of Eimeria causing coccidiosis in poultry within Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry Science.
Nikam, S.V.; Kanse, V.S.; Jadhav, B.N., & Jaid, E.L. 2012. Comparative study of seasonal incidence of chicken coccidiosis in eight districts of Marathwada region, Maharashtra state, India. Trends Parasitology Research 1(1): 7-9.
Ola-Fadunsin, S.D. 2017. Investigations on the occurrence and associated risk factors of avian coccidiosis in Osun state, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology Research 2017.
Ola-Fadunsinand, S.D. & Ademola, I.O. 2014. Anticoccidial effects of Morinda lucida acetone extracts on broiler chickens naturally infected with Eimeria species. Pharmaceutical Biology 52(3): 330-334.
Razmi, G.R. & Kalideri, G.A. 2000. Prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis in broiler-chicken farms in the municipality of Mashhad, Khorasan, Iran. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 44(3-4): 247-253,
Seifert H.S. 2006. Tropical Animal Health, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Mass, USA.
Shirzad, M.R.; Seifi, S.; Gheisari, H.R.; Hachesoo, B.A.; Habibi, H. & Bujmehrani, H. 2011. Prevalence and riskfactors forsubclinical coccidiosis in broiler chicken farms in Mazandaran province, Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production 43(8): 1601-1604,
Soulsby EJ.H. 1982. Arthropods and Protozoan’s of Domesticated Animals, 7th edition. Bailliere Tindall, London. 630 p.