Main Article Content
Abstract
This experimental designed to investigate the distribution of Cryptosporidium in domesticated birds in Diwaniya Province. For this purpose, the fecal samples were randomly collected from chickens, turkeys and wild ducks (Ansa platyrhynchos) in different regions (rural and urban). The nested PCR technique was used to amplify an 830 bp 18S rDNA and a 1020 pb gp60 gene fragments. The results showed 31/160 (19.4%) of sample as positive for Cryptosporidium. In detail, Cryptosporidium was detecte in 26.6% (8/30) of turkeys, 17% (17/100) of domestic chicken and 23.3% (7/30) of wild ducks. The result of the nested PCR revealed C. meleagridis in 50% of domestic chicken, 27%Turkey and 19% of wild duck. The results indicate that C. meleagridis has widely distribution in domesticated bird, turkeys and wild ducks that play an important role as a natural source of cryptosporidia.
Keywords
Cryptosporidium meleagridis
Nested PCR
Domastic Chiken
Turkeys.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
SAEED, A. A., METEAB, B. K., & AL-SHUWAILI, M. A. R. (2021). Molecular diagnosis and prevalence of Cryptosporidium parasite in domestic bird in Diwaniya city, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 145–149. Retrieved from https://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/010020
References
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Abdou, A.G.; Harba, M.N.; Afifi, A.F. & Elnaidany, N.F. 2013. Assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum infection immunocompetent and immune-compromised mice and its role in triggering intestinal dysplasia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 17: 593-600.
Asano, Y.; Karasudani, T. & Okuyama, M. 2006. An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with Cryptosporidium meleagridis among high school students dormitory in Ehime, Japan. Annu. Rep. Ehime Perfect. Journal of Environmental Sciences and Public Health 9: 21-26.
Baroudi, D.; Khelef, D.; Goucem, R.; Adjou, K.T.; Adamu, H.; Zhang, H. & Xiao, L. 2013 Common occurrence of zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium meleagridis in broiler chickens and turkey in Algeria. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 196: 334-340.
Bomfim, T.; Gomes, R.; Huber, F. & Couto, M. 2013. The importance of poultry in environmental dissemination of Cryptosporidium spp. Open Veterinary Science 7: 12-17,
Chappell, C.L.; Okhuysen, P.C.; Langer-Curry, R.C.; Akiyoshi, D.E.; Widmer, G. & Tzipori, S. 2011. Cryptosporidium meleagridis: infectivity in healthy adult volunteers. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85: 238-242.
da Cunha, M.J.R.; Cury, M.C. & Santín, M. 2018. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in poultry from Brazil. Research in Veterinary Science 118: 331-335.
da Cunha, T.; Ferraz, L.P.; Wehr, P.P. & Kupper, K.C. 2018. Antifungal activity and action mechanisms of yeasts isolates from citrus against Penicillium italicum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 276: 20-27.
Essid, R.; Mousli, M.; Aoun, K.; Abdelmalek, R.; Mellouli, F.; Kanoun, F.; Derouin, F. & Bouratbine, A. 2008. Identification of Cryptosporidium species infecting humans in Tunisia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79: 702-705.
Garcia, L.S. 2007. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology 5th edition. Washington DC: ASM Press.
Helmy, Y.A.; von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G.; Noeckler, K. & Zessin, K.H. 2015. Frequencies and spatial distributions of Cryptosporidium in livestock animals and children in the Ismailia Province of Egypt. Epidemiology and Infection 143: 1208-1218.
Holubová, N.; Sak, B.; Horčičková, M.; Hlásková, L.; Květoňová, D.; Menchaca, S. & Kváč, M. 2016. Cryptosporidium avium n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in birds. Parasitology Research 115(6): 2243-2251.
Kváč, M.; Hanzlíková, D.; Sak, B. & Květoňová, D. 2009. Prevalence and age-related infection of Cryptosporidium suis, C. muris and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II in pigs on a farm complex in the Czech Republic. Veterinary Parasitology 160(3-4): 319-322.
Nakamura, A.A. & Meireles, M.V. 2015. Cryptosporidium infections in birds - A review. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24: 253-267.
Nakamura, A.A. & Meireles, M.V. 2015. Cryptosporidium infections in birds – a review. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24: 253-267.
Nakamura, A.A.; Simões, D.C.; Antunes, R.G.; Silva, D.C. & Meireles, M.V. 2009. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from faecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 166(1-2): 47-51.
Ng, J.; Pavlasek, I. & Ryan, U. 2006. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 7548-7553.
Pagès-Manté, A.; Pagès-Bosch, M.; Majó-Masferrer, N.; Gómez-Couso, H.; Ares, E.; Thomas, N.J.; Hunter, D.B. and Atkinson C.T. 2007. Infectious Diseases of Wild Birds, Blackwell Publication https:0//pubs.er. usgs.gov/publication/94820.
Ryan U.M. 2010. Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians. Experimental Parasitology 124: 113-120.
Ryan, U.; Zahedi, A. & Paparini, A. 2016. Cryptosporidium in humans and animals-a one health approach to prophylaxis. Parasite Immunology 38: 535-547.
Wang, R.; Meng, Q.; Zhu, J.; Dong, S.; Changshen, N.; Jinfeng, Z.; Longxian, Z. & Xiao L. 2011. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium baileyi in ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Zhengzhou, China. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 175(1-2): 151-154.
Xiao, L. & Fayer, R. 2010. Molecular characterization of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission. International Journal for Parasitology 38: 1239-55.
Xiao, L. & Feng, Y. 2008. Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 52: 309-323.
Yu, J.; Lee, S. & Park, W. 2009. Comparative sensitivity of PCR primer sets for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Korean Journal of Parasitology 47(2): 293-297.
Zahedi, A.; Paparini, A.; Jian, F.; Robertson, I. & Ryan, U. 2016. Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 5(1): 88-109.
References
Abdou, A.G.; Harba, M.N.; Afifi, A.F. & Elnaidany, N.F. 2013. Assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum infection immunocompetent and immune-compromised mice and its role in triggering intestinal dysplasia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 17: 593-600.
Asano, Y.; Karasudani, T. & Okuyama, M. 2006. An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with Cryptosporidium meleagridis among high school students dormitory in Ehime, Japan. Annu. Rep. Ehime Perfect. Journal of Environmental Sciences and Public Health 9: 21-26.
Baroudi, D.; Khelef, D.; Goucem, R.; Adjou, K.T.; Adamu, H.; Zhang, H. & Xiao, L. 2013 Common occurrence of zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium meleagridis in broiler chickens and turkey in Algeria. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 196: 334-340.
Bomfim, T.; Gomes, R.; Huber, F. & Couto, M. 2013. The importance of poultry in environmental dissemination of Cryptosporidium spp. Open Veterinary Science 7: 12-17,
Chappell, C.L.; Okhuysen, P.C.; Langer-Curry, R.C.; Akiyoshi, D.E.; Widmer, G. & Tzipori, S. 2011. Cryptosporidium meleagridis: infectivity in healthy adult volunteers. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85: 238-242.
da Cunha, M.J.R.; Cury, M.C. & Santín, M. 2018. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in poultry from Brazil. Research in Veterinary Science 118: 331-335.
da Cunha, T.; Ferraz, L.P.; Wehr, P.P. & Kupper, K.C. 2018. Antifungal activity and action mechanisms of yeasts isolates from citrus against Penicillium italicum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 276: 20-27.
Essid, R.; Mousli, M.; Aoun, K.; Abdelmalek, R.; Mellouli, F.; Kanoun, F.; Derouin, F. & Bouratbine, A. 2008. Identification of Cryptosporidium species infecting humans in Tunisia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79: 702-705.
Garcia, L.S. 2007. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology 5th edition. Washington DC: ASM Press.
Helmy, Y.A.; von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G.; Noeckler, K. & Zessin, K.H. 2015. Frequencies and spatial distributions of Cryptosporidium in livestock animals and children in the Ismailia Province of Egypt. Epidemiology and Infection 143: 1208-1218.
Holubová, N.; Sak, B.; Horčičková, M.; Hlásková, L.; Květoňová, D.; Menchaca, S. & Kváč, M. 2016. Cryptosporidium avium n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in birds. Parasitology Research 115(6): 2243-2251.
Kváč, M.; Hanzlíková, D.; Sak, B. & Květoňová, D. 2009. Prevalence and age-related infection of Cryptosporidium suis, C. muris and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II in pigs on a farm complex in the Czech Republic. Veterinary Parasitology 160(3-4): 319-322.
Nakamura, A.A. & Meireles, M.V. 2015. Cryptosporidium infections in birds - A review. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24: 253-267.
Nakamura, A.A. & Meireles, M.V. 2015. Cryptosporidium infections in birds – a review. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24: 253-267.
Nakamura, A.A.; Simões, D.C.; Antunes, R.G.; Silva, D.C. & Meireles, M.V. 2009. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from faecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 166(1-2): 47-51.
Ng, J.; Pavlasek, I. & Ryan, U. 2006. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 7548-7553.
Pagès-Manté, A.; Pagès-Bosch, M.; Majó-Masferrer, N.; Gómez-Couso, H.; Ares, E.; Thomas, N.J.; Hunter, D.B. and Atkinson C.T. 2007. Infectious Diseases of Wild Birds, Blackwell Publication https:0//pubs.er. usgs.gov/publication/94820.
Ryan U.M. 2010. Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians. Experimental Parasitology 124: 113-120.
Ryan, U.; Zahedi, A. & Paparini, A. 2016. Cryptosporidium in humans and animals-a one health approach to prophylaxis. Parasite Immunology 38: 535-547.
Wang, R.; Meng, Q.; Zhu, J.; Dong, S.; Changshen, N.; Jinfeng, Z.; Longxian, Z. & Xiao L. 2011. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium baileyi in ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Zhengzhou, China. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 175(1-2): 151-154.
Xiao, L. & Fayer, R. 2010. Molecular characterization of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission. International Journal for Parasitology 38: 1239-55.
Xiao, L. & Feng, Y. 2008. Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 52: 309-323.
Yu, J.; Lee, S. & Park, W. 2009. Comparative sensitivity of PCR primer sets for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Korean Journal of Parasitology 47(2): 293-297.
Zahedi, A.; Paparini, A.; Jian, F.; Robertson, I. & Ryan, U. 2016. Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 5(1): 88-109.
Asano, Y.; Karasudani, T. & Okuyama, M. 2006. An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with Cryptosporidium meleagridis among high school students dormitory in Ehime, Japan. Annu. Rep. Ehime Perfect. Journal of Environmental Sciences and Public Health 9: 21-26.
Baroudi, D.; Khelef, D.; Goucem, R.; Adjou, K.T.; Adamu, H.; Zhang, H. & Xiao, L. 2013 Common occurrence of zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium meleagridis in broiler chickens and turkey in Algeria. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 196: 334-340.
Bomfim, T.; Gomes, R.; Huber, F. & Couto, M. 2013. The importance of poultry in environmental dissemination of Cryptosporidium spp. Open Veterinary Science 7: 12-17,
Chappell, C.L.; Okhuysen, P.C.; Langer-Curry, R.C.; Akiyoshi, D.E.; Widmer, G. & Tzipori, S. 2011. Cryptosporidium meleagridis: infectivity in healthy adult volunteers. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85: 238-242.
da Cunha, M.J.R.; Cury, M.C. & Santín, M. 2018. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in poultry from Brazil. Research in Veterinary Science 118: 331-335.
da Cunha, T.; Ferraz, L.P.; Wehr, P.P. & Kupper, K.C. 2018. Antifungal activity and action mechanisms of yeasts isolates from citrus against Penicillium italicum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 276: 20-27.
Essid, R.; Mousli, M.; Aoun, K.; Abdelmalek, R.; Mellouli, F.; Kanoun, F.; Derouin, F. & Bouratbine, A. 2008. Identification of Cryptosporidium species infecting humans in Tunisia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79: 702-705.
Garcia, L.S. 2007. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology 5th edition. Washington DC: ASM Press.
Helmy, Y.A.; von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G.; Noeckler, K. & Zessin, K.H. 2015. Frequencies and spatial distributions of Cryptosporidium in livestock animals and children in the Ismailia Province of Egypt. Epidemiology and Infection 143: 1208-1218.
Holubová, N.; Sak, B.; Horčičková, M.; Hlásková, L.; Květoňová, D.; Menchaca, S. & Kváč, M. 2016. Cryptosporidium avium n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in birds. Parasitology Research 115(6): 2243-2251.
Kváč, M.; Hanzlíková, D.; Sak, B. & Květoňová, D. 2009. Prevalence and age-related infection of Cryptosporidium suis, C. muris and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II in pigs on a farm complex in the Czech Republic. Veterinary Parasitology 160(3-4): 319-322.
Nakamura, A.A. & Meireles, M.V. 2015. Cryptosporidium infections in birds - A review. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24: 253-267.
Nakamura, A.A. & Meireles, M.V. 2015. Cryptosporidium infections in birds – a review. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24: 253-267.
Nakamura, A.A.; Simões, D.C.; Antunes, R.G.; Silva, D.C. & Meireles, M.V. 2009. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from faecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 166(1-2): 47-51.
Ng, J.; Pavlasek, I. & Ryan, U. 2006. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 7548-7553.
Pagès-Manté, A.; Pagès-Bosch, M.; Majó-Masferrer, N.; Gómez-Couso, H.; Ares, E.; Thomas, N.J.; Hunter, D.B. and Atkinson C.T. 2007. Infectious Diseases of Wild Birds, Blackwell Publication https:0//pubs.er. usgs.gov/publication/94820.
Ryan U.M. 2010. Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians. Experimental Parasitology 124: 113-120.
Ryan, U.; Zahedi, A. & Paparini, A. 2016. Cryptosporidium in humans and animals-a one health approach to prophylaxis. Parasite Immunology 38: 535-547.
Wang, R.; Meng, Q.; Zhu, J.; Dong, S.; Changshen, N.; Jinfeng, Z.; Longxian, Z. & Xiao L. 2011. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium baileyi in ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Zhengzhou, China. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 175(1-2): 151-154.
Xiao, L. & Fayer, R. 2010. Molecular characterization of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission. International Journal for Parasitology 38: 1239-55.
Xiao, L. & Feng, Y. 2008. Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 52: 309-323.
Yu, J.; Lee, S. & Park, W. 2009. Comparative sensitivity of PCR primer sets for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Korean Journal of Parasitology 47(2): 293-297.
Zahedi, A.; Paparini, A.; Jian, F.; Robertson, I. & Ryan, U. 2016. Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 5(1): 88-109.