Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 572 Download : 97

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

The present research was undertaken with the aim of investigating the effects of dietary supplementation with Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium) essence in the diet on the growth, intestinal microbiota, biometric indexes, and immune response in Labeotropheus fuelleborni juveniles. For this purpose, four experimental diets containing 0, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mL kg-1 of the essence were prepared and the effects of each of those diets were examined with completely randomized designs over the course of 60 days. The addition of A. hirtifolium to the diets of the fish was not found to have an impact on growth parameters. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in the gastrosomatic index values with different treatments (P>0.05). The hepatosomatic index was highest with the 0.20mL kg-1 A. hirtifolium-supplemented diet (P<0.05). Survival was increased with 0.20mL kg-1 A. hirtifolium treatment in comparison to the control fish (P<0.05). A. hirtifolium essence did not affect the total aerobic bacteria (P>0.05), but the enteric gram-negative bacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts were found to be decreased in the experimental treatments with statistical significance (P<0.05). Values obtained for alternative complement haemolytic activity levels, lysozyme activity levels, total immunoglobulin, and dissolved protein in the skin mucus among fish that received essence were found to be higher in comparison to the control group (P<0.05), while no change was recorded for alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, or alanine aminotraansferase liver enzyme activities (P>0.05). Results revealed that, Allium hirtifolium essence is suggested to obtain survival rate, skin mucus immunity and intestinal microbiota. The maximum level to add to the feed of juvenile L. fuelleborni can be recommended as 0.15-0.20mL kg-1.

Keywords

Allium hirtifolium Aquaculture Persian shallot Labeotropheus fuelleborni Gut bacteria

Article Details

License
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

How to Cite
MOTLAGH, H. A., MOTALLEBI, F., YILMAZ, E., SAFARI, O., & Al JUFAILI, S. M. (2023). Dietary supplementation of Allium hirtifolium essence supports gut bacteria, and health status in fuelleborn’s cichlid (Labeotropheus fuelleborni) juveniles. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 10(2), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v10i2.962
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Adibmoradi, M.; Navidshad, B.; Seifdavati, J. & Royan, M. 2006. Effect of dietary garlic meal on histological structure of small intestine in broiler chickens. The Journal of Poultry Science 43(4): 378-83.
  2. Afzaal, M.; Saeed, F.; Rasheed, R.; Hussain, M.; Aamir, M.; Hussain, S.; Mohamed, A.A.; Alamri, M.S. & Anjum, F.M. 2021. Nutritional, biological, and therapeutic properties of black garlic: A critical review. International Journal of Food Properties 24(1): 1387-1402.
  3. Ahmadnia-Motlagh, H.; Hajimoradlo, A.; Gorbani, R.; Naser, A.G.H.; Safari, O. & Lashkarizadeh-Bami, M. 2017. Reproductive performance and intestinal bacterial changes of Carassius auratus fed supplemented lactoferrin and Lactobacillus rhamnosus PTCC 1637 diet. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 4(2): 150-161.
  4. Ahmadniaye Motlagh, H.; Rokhnareh, Z.; Safari, O. & Selahvarzi, Y. 2020b. Growth performance and intestinal microbial changes of Carassius auratus in response to pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract-supplemented diets. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 52(4): 820-828.
  5. Ahmadniaye Motlagh, H.; Safari, O. & Paolucci, M. 2019. Effect of different levels of milkweed (Calotropis persica) seed powder on the growth parameters, immunity and gut microbiota of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology 11(1): 43-67.
  6. Ahmadniaye Motlagh, H.; Sarkheil, M.; Safari, O. & Paolucci, M. 2020a. Supplementation of dietary apple cider vinegar as an organic acidifier on the growth performance, digestive enzymes and mucosal immunity of green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus). Aquaculture Research 51(1): 197-205.
  7. Alemayehu, T.A.; Geremew, A. & Getahun, A. 2018. The role of functional feed additives in tilapia nutrition. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal 9(2).
  8. Amer, S.A. & Abd El-Rahman, H.S.M. 2022. Anti-shigellosis activity of the aqueous extract of garlic, clove and fenugreek. Journal of Food Safety 42(3): e12978.
  9. Amin, M.; Jahangirnezhad, M.; Rasaei, N.; Pipelzadeh, M.H. & Rafiee, M. 2012. Evaluation of the effect of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium, boiss) aqueous extract on mouth bacterial count compared with chlorhexidine mouth rinse. African Journal of Microbiology Research 6: 5809-5813.
  10. Amoah, K.; Liu, H.; Dong, X.H.; Tan, B.P.; Zhang, S.; Chi, S.Y.; Yang, Q.H.; Liu, H.Y. & Yang, Y.Z. 2021. Effects of varying dietary black garlic supplementation on the growth, immune response, digestive and antioxidant activities, intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Aquaculture Nutrition 27(5): 1699-1720.
  11. Ankri, S. & Mirelman, D. 1999. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and Infection 1(2): 125-129.
  12. Antache, A.; Cristea, V.; Grecu, I.; Dediu, L.; Mocanu, M.; Ion, S. & Petrea, S.M. 2013. The effects of some phytobiotics on biochemical composition of Oreochromis niloticus meat reared in a recirculating aquaculture system. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 46(1): 238-243.
  13. Asgari, S.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Pourgheysari, B.; Ansari-Samani, R.; Deris, F.; Shahinfard, N.; Hojjati, M.R. & Salimi, M. 2012. Allium hirtifolium Boiss: Radical scavenging property and the lowering effects on blood fibrinogen and factor VII. Life Science Journal 9(3): 1793-1798.
  14. Asgari, S.; Setorki, M.; Rafieian-kopaei, M.; Heidarian, E.; Shahinfard, N.; Ansari, R. & Forouzandeh, Z. 2012a. Postprandial hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of Allium hertifolium and Sesamum indicum on hypercholesterolemic rabbits. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6(15): 1131-5.
  15. Au-Yeung, C.; Lam, K.L.; Chan, K.W. & Mo, W.Y. 2022. Uses of antibiotics in ornamental fish in Hong Kong and the antibiotic resistance in the associated zoonotic pathogens. Journal of Xenobiotics 12(4): 365-77.
  16. Banerjee, M. & Sarkar, P.K. 2003. Inhibitory effect of garlic on bacterial pathogens from spices. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 19: 565-569.
  17. Brunvold, L.; Sandaa, R.A.; Mikkelsen, H.; Welde, E.; Bleie, H. & Bergh, Ø. 2007. Characterisation of bacterial communities associated with early stages of intensively reared cod (Gadus morhua) using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). Aquaculture 272(1-4): 319-327.
  18. Büyükdeveci, M.E.; Balcázar, J.L.; Demirkale, İ. & Dikel, S. 2018. Effects of garlic-supplemented diet on growth performance and intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 486: 170-174.
  19. Cristea, V.; Antache, A.; Grecu, I.; Docan, A.; Dediu, L. & Mocanu, M.C. 2012. The use of phytobiotics in aquaculture. Lucrări Ştiinţifice-Seria Zootehnie 57: 250-255.
  20. Cui, Y. & Qu, X. 2021. Genetic mechanisms of prebiotic carbohydrate metabolism in lactic acid bacteria: Emphasis on Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei as flexible, diverse and outstanding prebiotic carbohydrate starters. Trends in Food Science & Technology 115: 486-499.
  21. Diba, A. & Alizadeh, F. 2018. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Allium hirtifolium and Allium sativum. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 8(5): 465-474.
  22. Farhangi, M. & Carter, C.G. 2001. Growth, physiological and immunological responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to different dietary inclusion levels of dehulled lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). Aquaculture Research 32(1): 329-340.
  23. Fateh, R.; Nasiri, K.M.J.; Motevallian, M.; Falahati, M. & Yazdanparast, A. 2010. In vitro antifungal activity of Allium hirtifolium in comparison with the miconazole. Medical Journal of the Islam Republic of Iran 24(1): 17-22.
  24. Foysal, M.J.; Alam, M.; Momtaz, F.; Chaklader, M.R.; Siddik, M.A.B.; Cole, A.; Fotedar, R. & Rahman, M.M. 2019. Dietary suppleme tation of garlic (Allium sativum) modulates gut microbiota and health status of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus iniae infection. Aquaculture Research 50(8): 2107-2116.
  25. Fufa, B.K. 2019. Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties of garlic extract (Allium sativum): A review. Microbiology Research Journal International 28: 1-5.
  26. Fujisawa, H.; Suma, K.; Origuchi, K.; Kumagai, H.; Seki, T. & Ariga, T. 2008. Biological and chemical stability of garlic-derived allicin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(11): 4229-4235.
  27. Gabriel, N.N.; Wilhelm, M.R.; Habte-Tsion, H.M.; Chimwamurombe, P. & Omoregie, E. 2019. Dietary garlic (Allium sativum) crude polysaccharides supplementation on growth, haematological parameters, whole body composition and survival at low water pH challenge in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Scientific African 5: e00128.
  28. Ghafarifarsani, H.; Hoseinifar, S.H.; Talebi, M.; Yousefi, M.; Van Doan, H.; Rufchaei, R. & Paolucci, M. 2021. Combined and singular effects of ethanolic extract of persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) and synbiotic Biomin® IMBO on growth performance, serum-and mucus-immune parameters and antioxidant defense in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Animals 11(10): 2995.
  29. Ghafarifarsani, H.; Yousefi, M.; Hoseinifar, S.H.; Paolucci, M.; Lumsangkul, C.; Jaturasitha, S. & Van Doan, H. 2022. Beneficial effects of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium) extract on growth performance, biochemical, immunological and antioxidant responses of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings. Aquaculture 555: 738162.
  30. Ghahremani-Majd, H.; Dashti, F.; Dastan, D.; Mumivand, H.; Hadian, J. & Esna-Ashari, M. 2012. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Iranian mooseer (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) populations. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology 53: 116-122.
  31. Ghodrati Azadi, H.; Ghaffari, S.M.; Riazi, G.H.; Ahmadian, S. & Vahedi, F. 2008. Antiproliferative activity of chloroformic extract of Persian Shallot, Allium hirtifolium, on tumor cell lines. Cytotechnology 56: 179-185.
  32. Hoseinifar, S.H.; Zoheiri, F.; Dadar, M.; Rufchaei, R. & Ringø, E. 2016. Dietary galactooligosaccharide elicits positive effects on non-specific immune parameters and growth performance in Caspian white fish (Rutilus frisii kutum) fry. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 56: 467-472.
  33. Huang, X.J.; Choi, Y.K.; Im, H.S.; Yarimaga, O.; Yoon, E. & Kim, H.S. 2006. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) detection techniques. Sensors 6: 756-782.
  34. Hussain, T.; Murtaza, G.; Kalhoro, D.H.; Kalhoro, M.S.; Metwally, E.; Chughtai, M.I.; Mazhar, M.U. & Khan, S.A. 2021. Relationship between gut microbiota and host-metabolism: Emphasis on hormones related to reproductive function. Animal Nutrition 7(1): 1-10.
  35. Hussein, M.S.; El-Zaiat, A.M. & El-Saiad, S.M. 2016. Effects of garlic and onion oil extracts as a natural growth promoters on growth performance, nutrient utilization, whole body composition and hematological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Journal of Egyptian Academic Society for Environmental Development. D 17(1): 141-155.
  36. Ismail, S.; Jalilian, F.A.; Talebpour, A.H.; Zargar, M.; Shameli, K.; Sekawi, Z. & Jahanshiri, F. 2012. Chemical composition and antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of Allium hirtifolium Boiss. Biomed Research International 2013: 696835.
  37. Jafarian, A.; Ghannadi, A. & Elyasi, A. 2003. The Effects of Allium hirtifolium Boiss. on cell-mediated immune response in mice. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2: 51-55.
  38. Karthikkumar, V.; Anbu, S. & Rajasekar, P. 2020. Beneficial biological role of Allium hirtifolium on various diseases. Research Journal of Pharmacy Technology 13(2): 1009-1014.
  39. Kazemi, S.; Asgary, S.; Moshtaghian, J.; Rafieian, M.; Adelnia, A. & Shamsi, F. 2010. Liver-protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium boiss. In rats with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. ARYA Atheroscler 6(1): 11.
  40. Khanal, M.; Lamichhane, S.; Bhattarai, A.; Kayastha, B.L. & Labh, S.N. 2021. Extract of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) enhances the growth, protein contents, and gastrosomatic index (GaSI) of common carp Cyprinus carpio. The International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2021, Article ID 8029413, 14p.
  41. Kim, D.H. & Austin, B. 2006. Innate immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) induced by probiotics. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 21(5): 513-524.
  42. Lee, D.H.; Lim, S.R.; Han, J.J.; Lee, S.W.; Ra, C.S. & Kim, J.D. 2014. Effects of dietary garlic powder on growth, feed utilization and whole body composition changes in fingerling sterlet sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 27(9): 1303-1310.
  43. Leelarungrayub, N.; Rattanapanone, V.; Chanarat, N. & Gebicki, J.M. 2006. Quantitative evaluation of the antioxidant properties of garlic and shallot preparations. Nutrition 22(3): 266-274.
  44. Lescak, E.A. & Milligan-Myhre, K.C. 2017. Teleosts as model organisms to understand host-microbe interactions. Journal of Bacteriology 199(15): e00868-16.
  45. Lesel, R. & Peringer, P. 1981. Influence of temperature on the bacterial microflora in Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 93(1): 109-120.
  46. Leulier, F.; MacNeil, L.T.; Lee, W.J.; Rawls, J.F.; Cani, P.D.; Schwarzer, M. & Zhao, L. 2017. Integrative physiology: at the crossroads of nutrition, microbiota, animal physiology, and human health. Cell Metabolism 25(3): 522-534.
  47. Llewellyn, M.S.; Boutin, S.; Hoseinifar, S.H. & Derome, N. 2014. Teleost microbiomes: the state of the art in their characterization, manipulation and importance in aquaculture and fisheries. Frontiers in Microbiology 5: 207.
  48. Lokesh, B.; Neeraja, T.; Haribabu, P.; Ramalingaiah, D. & Pamanna, D. 2020. Effect of garlic supplemented diets on growth and survival of Pacific white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 8(6): 295-299.
  49. Lowry, O.H.; Rosebrough, N.J.; Farr, A.L. & Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193: 265-275.
  50. Mafra, D.; Borges, N.A.; Lindholm, B.; Shiels, P.G.; Evenepoel, P. & Stenvinkel, P. 2021. Food as medicine: Targeting the uraemic phenotype in chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology 17(3): 153-171.
  51. Magnadóttir, B. 2006. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 20(2): 137-151.
  52. Mahboub, H.H.; Rashidian, G.; Hoseinifar, S.H.; Kamel, S.; Zare, M.; Ghafarifarsani, H.; Algharib, S.A., Moonmanee, T. & Van Doan, H. 2022. Protective effects of Allium hirtifolium extract against foodborne toxicity of Zinc oxide nanoparticles in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 257: 109345.
  53. Mahmoodi, M.; Hosseini-Zijoud, S.M.; Arababadi, M.K.; Khorramdelazad, H.; Moradi-Sardareh, H. & Moradi, Y. 2013. Effect of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.) extract on glucokinase (GCK), glycogen phosphorylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) genes expression in diabetic rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7(7): 389-396.
  54. Marques, A.; Encarnação, S.; Pedro, S. & Nunes, M.L. 2008. In vitro antimicrobial activity of garlic, oregano and chitosan against Salmonella enterica. World Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology 24(10): 2357-2360.
  55. Martin‐Antonio, B.; Manchado, M.; Infante, C.; Zerolo, R.; Labella, A.; Alonso, C. & Borrego, J.J. 2007. Intestinal microbiota variation in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) under different feeding regimes. Aquaculture Research 38(11): 1213-1222.
  56. Mehrinakhi, Z.; Ahmadifar, E.; Sheikhzadeh, N.; Moghadam, M.S. & Dawood, M.A. 2021. Extract of grape seed enhances the growth performance, humoral and mucosal immunity, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against. Annals of Animal Science 21(1): 217-232.
  57. Mikaili, P.; Maadirad, S.; Moloudizargari, M.; Aghajanshakeri, S. & Sarahroodi, S. 2013. Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 16(10): 1031-1048.
  58. Mirghaed, A.T.; Ghelichpour, M.; Hoseini, S.M. & Amini, K. 2017. Hemolysis interference in measuring fish plasma biochemical indicators. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 43: 1143-1151
  59. Miron, T.; Shin, I.; Feigenblat, G.; Weiner, L.; Mirelman, D.; Wilchek, M. & Rabinkov, A. 2002. A spectrophotometric assay for allicin, alliin, and alliinase (alliin lyase) with a chromogenic thiol: reaction of 4-mercaptopyridine with thiosulfinates. Analytical Biochemistry 307(1): 76-83.
  60. Moradi, Y.; Moradi-Sardareh, H.; Ghasemi, H.; Mohamadi, N.; Moradi, M.N. & Hosseini-Zijoud, S.M. 2013. Medicinal properties of Persian shallot. European Journal of Experimental Biology 3(1): 371-379.
  61. Motta, J.P.; Flannigan, K.L.; Agbor, T.A.; Beatty, J.K.; Blackler, R.W.; Workentine, M.L.; Da Silva, G.J.; Wang, R.; Buret, A.G. & Wallace, J.L. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide protects from colitis and restores intestinal microbiota biofilm and mucus production. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 21(5): 1006-1017. ;
  62. Ni, J.; Yan, Q.; Yu, Y. & Zhang, T. 2014. Factors influencing the grass carp gut microbiome and its effect on metabolism. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 87(3): 704-714.
  63. Omidifar, N.; Nili-Ahmadabadi, A.; Gholami, A.; Dastan, D.; Ahmadimoghaddam, D. & Nili-Ahmadabadi, H. 2020. Biochemical and histological evidence on the protective effects of Allium hirtifolium boiss (Persian shallot) as an herbal supplement in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020: 7457504.
  64. Omotoso, G.O.; Muonagolu, J.N. & Enaibe, B.U. 2012. Histological evaluation of the jejunum and ileum of rats after administration of high dose garlic aqueous extract. International Journal of Health Sciences 6(2): 135.
  65. Parihar, D.; Saksena, D.N. & Rao, R.J. 2016. Seasonal variations in condition factor and feeding intensity of freshwater teleost: Ompok bimaculatus, Xenentodon cancila, Puntius sarana and Labeo boggut from Tighra reservoir, Gwalior (MP). Internatioanl Journal Current Research 8(8): 36727-36730.
  66. Pérez, T.; Balcázar, J.L.; Ruiz-Zarzuela, I.; Halaihel, N.; Vendrell, D.; De Blas, I. & Múzquiz, J.L. 2010. Host-microbiota interactions within the fish intestinal ecosystem. Mucosal Immunology 3(4): 355-360.
  67. Pirbalouti A.G.; Ahmadzadeh, Y. & Malekpoor, F. 2015. Variation in antioxidant, and antibacterial activities and total phenolic content of the bulbs of mooseer (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.). Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 105(1): 15-22.
  68. Preena, P.G.; Dharmaratnam, A.; Raj, N.S.; Kumar, T.V.A.; Raja, S.A. & Swaminathan, T.R. 2019. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from freshwater ornamental fish, guppy showing bacterial disease. Biologia 74(8):1055-1062.
  69. Qiu, S.; Chen, J.; Qin, T.; Hu, Y.; Wang, D.; Fan, Q. & Zhang, C. 2014. Effects of selenylation modification on immune-enhancing activity of garlic polysaccharide. PloS One 9(1): e86377.
  70. Rashidian, G.; Mahboub, H.H.; Fahim, A.; Hefny, A.A.; Prokić, M.D.; Rainis, S.; Boldaji, J.T. & Faggio, C. 2022a. Mooseer (Allium hirtifolium) boosts growth, general health status, and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Streptococcus iniae infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 120: 360-368.
  71. Rashidian, G.; Mahboub, H.H.; Hoseinifar, S.H.; Ghafarifarsani, H.; Zare, M.; Punyatong, M. & Van Doan, H. 2022b. Allium hirtifolium protects Cyprinus carpio against the detrimental responses mediated by foodborne zinc oxide nanoparticle. Aquaculture 555: 738252.
  72. Reid, H.I.; Treasurer, J.W.; Adam, B. & Birkbeck, T.H. 2009. Analysis of bacterial populations in the gut of developing cod larvae and identification of Vibrio logei, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio splendidus as pathogens of cod larvae. Aquaculture 288(1-2): 36-43.
  73. Ringø, E.; Doan, H.V.; Lee, S.; & Song, S.K. 2020. Lactic acid bacteria in shellfish: Possibilities and challenges. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 28(2): 139-169.
  74. Ringø, E.; Sperstad, S.; Myklebust, R.; Refstie, S. & Krogdahl, A. 2006. Characterisation of the microbiota associated with intestine of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): the effect of fish meal, standard soybean meal and a bioprocessed soybean meal. Aquaculture 261(3): 829-841.
  75. Ruhee, R.T.; Roberts, L.A.; Ma, S. & Suzuki, K. 2020. Organosulfur compounds: A review of their anti-inflammatory effects in human health. Frontiers in Nutrition 7: 64.
  76. Safari, O. & Paolucci, M. 2017. Effects of dietary onion (Allium cepa) powder on growth performance, hemolymph indices and fillet organoleptic properties of juvenile narrow-clawed crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823. Aquaculture Nutrition 23(6): 1418-1428.
  77. Satvati, S.A.R.; Shooriabi, M.; Amin, M. & Shiezadeh, F. 2017. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Tribulus terrestris, Allium sativum, Salvia officinalis, and Allium hirtifolium Boiss against Enterococcus faecalis. International Journal Enteric Pathoglogy 5(2): 63-67.
  78. Sera, H.; Ishida, Y. & Kadota, H. 1974. Bacterial flora in the digestive tracts of marine fish. In: Colwell, R.R. & Morita, R.Y. (eds)., Effect of the ocean environment on microbial activities, University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, USA. pp. 467-490.
  79. Shekarabi, S.P.H.; Javarsiani, L.; Mehrgan, M.S.; Dawood, M.A. & Adel, M. 2022. Growth performance, blood biochemistry profile, and immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed dietary Persian shallot (Allium stipitatum) powder. Aquaculture 548: 737627.
  80. Sicuro, B.; Pastorino, P.; Barbero, R.; Barisone, S.; Dellerba, D.; Menconi, V.; Righetti, M.; Vita, V.D. & Prearo, M. 2020. Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from imported ornamental fish in Italy: A translocation of resistant strains? Preventive Veterinary Medicine 175: 104880.
  81. Soorni, A.; Akrami, A.M.; Abolghasemi, R. & Vahedi, M. 2021. Transcriptome and phytochemical analyses provide insights into the organic sulfur pathway in Allium hirtifolium. Scientific Reports 11(1): 768.
  82. Srichaiyo, N.; Tongsiri, S.; Hoseinifar, S.H.; Dawood, M.A.; Esteban, M.Á.; Ringø, E. & Van Doan, H. 2020. The effect of fishwort (Houttuynia cordata) on skin mucosal, serum immunities, and growth performance of Nile tilapia. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 98: 193-200.
  83. Stolen, J.S.; Fletcher, T.C.; Rowley, A.F.; Zelikoff, J.T.; Kaattari, S.L. & Smith, S.A. 1994. Techniques in fish immunology. SOS publications.
  84. Sugita, H.; Tokuyama, K. & Deguchi, Y. 1985. The intestinal microflora of carp Cyprinus carpio, grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and tilapia Sarotherodon niloticus. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 51(8): 1325-1329.
  85. Sunu, P.; Sunarti, D.; Mahfudz, L.D. & Yunianto, V.D. 2021. Effect of synbiotic from Allium sativum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on hematological indices, antioxidative status and intestinal ecology of broiler chicken. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 20(2): 103-110.
  86. Taee, H.M.; Hajimoradloo, A.; Hoseinifar, S.H. & Ahmadvand, H. 2017. Dietary Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) improved non-specific immune parameters and bactericidal activity of skin mucus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 64: 320-324.
  87. Yilmaz, E. 2020. Effect of dietary carob (Ceratonia Siliqua) syrup on blood parameters, gene expression responses and ammonia resistance in tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus). Aquaculture Research 51(5): 1903-1912.
  88. Zaefarian, A.; Yeganeh, S. & Adhami, B. 2017. Dietary effects of garlic powder (Allium sativum) on growth, blood indices, carcass composition, and lysozyme activity in brown trout (Salmo caspius) and resistance against Yersinia ruckeri infection. Aquaculture International 25: 1987-1996.
  89. Zar, J.H. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Education India.
  90. Zare, M.; Tran, H.Q.; Prokešová, M. & Stejskal, V. 2021. Effects of garlic Allium sativum powder on nutrient digestibility, haematology, and immune and stress responses in Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis juveniles. Animals 11(9): 2735.
  91. Zhang, R.; Liu, J.; Liu, Y.; Wu, Y.; Xu, Y. & Feng, J. 2022. Dietary garlic powder alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress through regulating the immunity and intestinal barrier function in broilers. Animals 12(17): 2281.
  92. Zheng, Z.L.; Tan, J.Y.W.; Liu, H.Y.; Zhou, X.H.; Xiang, X. & Wang, K.Y. 2009. Evaluation of oregano essential oil (Origanum heracleoticum L.) on growth, antioxidant effect and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture 292(3-4): 214-218.
  93. Zhou, R.; Liu, J.; Shi, X.; Fu, C.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, R.; Wu, Y. & Yang, C. 2022. Garlic powder supplementation improves growth, nonspecific immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal flora of Chinese Mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis). Aquaculture Nutrition 2022: 6531865.