Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the alcoholic and nano-extract of red radish (Raphanus sativua) on the function of the liver and kidneys in rats that had experimentally induced jaundice. Forty-eight white rats were divided into six groups: the control group dosed with physiological solution (0.9% Nacl), the T1 in which jaundice was induced, T2, the group of animals that treated with 200mg/kg of plant extract, T3, the group that dosed the nanocomposite of the plant extract at a dose of 200mg/kg daily, T4, the group that jaundice was induced and dosed with the normal extract of the plant, T5, the group that jaundice was developed and the plant extract nanocomposite was dosed at a dose of 200mg/kg daily. After the 21-day experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and the measurements were performed on the liver and kidney. The results showed that the induced of jaundice in the T1 caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the average weight of the liver and kidney, while there was a significant increase Liverl enzyme (ALK, LST, AST, urea and creatinine concentrations). The results also showed that the treatment of rats with hyperbilirubinemia with radish leaf extract group (T2) led to a significant (P<0.05) increase in liver and kidney weight and a significant decrease in liver enzymes (ALK, ALT, and AST,) and urea and creatinine concentration, compared with the T1. In the group treated with the red radish leaf nano-extract, the results showed improvements in the studied parameters. The histopathological changes were as hemorrhage, necrosis, rupture of liver tissue, glomerular atrophy, necrosis, disintegration and some inflammatory cells in the kidney tissue. It was concluded that the red radish leaf nanocomposite effectively improves the negative changes associated with hyperbilirubinemia.
Keywords
Nano-extract
Red radish
Liver
Kidney
Rats
Jaundice
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
DHAHIR, M. R., & AL-NAELY, A. J. (2022). Effect of alcoholic and nano-extract of red radish, Raphanus sativua on liver and kidney function in rats induced jaundiced. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9, 148–160. Retrieved from http://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/794
References
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References
Abed-Al-Azeez, L.A.; Ali, A.H. & Haba, M.K. 2015. Study the Protective Effect of Radish (Raphanus sativus) Seeds extract against harmful effects of sodium nitrite on some physiological and histological parameters in male rabbits. Iraqi Journal of Biotechnology 14(2): 59-78.
Agarwal, K. & Varma, R. 2014. Radical scavenging ability and biochemical screening of a common Asian vegetable-Raphanus sativus L. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 27(1): 127-134.
American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. 2004. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 114(1): 297-316.
Allahmoradi, M.; Alimohammadi, S. & Cheraghi, H. 2019. Protective effect of Cynara scolymus l. on blood biochemical parameters and liver histopathological changes in phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in rats. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research 5(4): 53-62.
Alqasoumi, S.; Al-Yahya, M.; Al-Howiriny, T. & Rafatullah, S. 2008. Gastroprotective effect of radish Raphanus sativus L. on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats. Farmacia-Bucuresti 56(2): 204.
AL-Rawi, M. & Maisaa, M. 2007. Inhibitory Effect of Melatonin on Histological Changes Induced in Rat Liver by Thioacetamide Intoxication. Journal of Biological Sciences 7: 10-18
Al-Timimi, M.L.M.; Hassan, E.S.; Al-Nafakh, R.T.; Lteef Alfadhul, S.A. & Mohammad, A.R. 2019. Biochemical study of the protective effect of vitamin c and radish on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 13(4): 436-440.
Anbara, H.; Shahrooz, R.; Mozafari, A.A.; Malekinejad, H.; Morovvati, H.; Sheybani, M.T. & Saadati, S. 2018. Protective effects of ethyl pyruvate and vitamin E against phenylhydrazine-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Yafteh 20(1): 52-67.
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Antai, A.B.; Eyong, E.U.; Eteng, M.U.; Itam, E.H.; Eko, M.E. & Ita, S.O. 2009. Serum protein and enzyme levels in rats following administration of ethanolic leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides (goat weed). Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 24(2).
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Arthur, F.K.; Woode, E.; Terlabi, E.O. & Larbie, C. 2012. Bilirubin lowering potential of Annona muricata (Linn.) in temporary jaundiced rats. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 7(2): 33-40
Aruna, G.; Yerragunt, V.G. & Raju, A.B. 2012. Photochemistry and pharmacology of Raphanus sativus.
Ashraf, N. 2011. Studies on Hummaz (Oxalis corniculata Linn.) for its hepatoprotective activity in rat models. Doctoral dissertation. 168 p.
Aziz, F.M. & Hassan, D.H. 2020. Radish juice promote kidney stone deposition in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats. Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 4(1): 57-61.
Basu, T.; Panja, S.; Shendge, A.K.; Das, A. & Mandal, N. 2018. A natural antioxidant, tannic acid mitigates iron‐overload induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice through ROS regulation. Environmental Toxicology 33(5): 603-618.
Beevi, S.S.; Narasu, M.L. & Gowda, B.B. 2010. Polyphenolics profile, antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of leaves and stem of Raphanus sativus L. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 65(1): 8-17.
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Bojan, M.S.; Rajappa, R.; Vijayakumar, D.R.K. & Gopalan, J. 2016. Protective effect of Raphanus sativus on D-galactosamine induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme 30(1): 22-28.
Chaturvedi, P. 2008. Inhibitory response of Raphanus sativus on lipid peroxidation in albino rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5(1): 55-59.
Chavhan, S.; Joshi, G.; Petkar, K. & Sawant, K. 2013. Enhanced bioavailability and hypolipidemic activity of Simvastatin formulations by particle size engineering: Physicochemical aspects and in vivo investigations. Biochemical Engineering Journal 79: 221-229.
Debebe, M.; Afework, M.; Makonnen, E.; Debella, A.; Geleta, B. & Gemeda, N. 2017. Evaluations of biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters of subchronic administration of ethanol extract of Albizia gummifera seed in Albino Wistar rat. Clinical Toxicology 7(1): 337.
Elaby, S.M. & Ali, J.B. 2018. The anti-anemic effect of dried beet green in phenylhydrazine treated rats. Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University 2(2): 54-69.
El-Damaty, E.S.M.; Farrag, A.R.H.; Rowayshed, G. & Fahmy, H.M. 2012. Biochemical and histopathological effects of systemic pesticides on some functional organs of male Albino rats. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 5459-5469.
Fibach, E. & Rachmilewitz, E. 2008. The role of oxidative stress in hemolytic anemia. Current Molecular Medicine 8(7): 609-619.
Gebrehiwot, S.; Giday, M.; Erko, B. & Mekonnen, Y. 2019. In vivo antimalarial activity of Capparis tomentosa Lam. in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 5(2): 44-48.
Goorani, S.; Shariatifar, N.; Seydi, N.; Zangeneh, A.; Moradi, R.; Tari, B. & Zangeneh, M.M. 2019. The aqueous extract of Allium saralicum RM Fritsch effectively treat induced anemia: Experimental study on Wistar rats. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine 19(4): 403-413
Hamman, L.L.; Amaza D.S.; Zirahei, J.V.; Goji, A.D.T.; Mari, H. & Amali, F. 2016.Effect of aqueous extract of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) on phenyl- hydrazine induced kidney damage in albino rat. International Journal of Advanced Research 4(11): 39-47.
Hassan, S.A.; Hammam, O.; Hussein, S.A. & Aziz, W.M. 2020. The Conquering influence of the Nano extracts of pomegranate peels and pistachio leaves in amelioration of acute liver failure. BioRxiv 1-43.
Henry, R.J. 1974. Determination of serum creatinine. Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Techniques. 2nd ed. Harper and Row Publishers, New York. 552 p.
Ibrahim, M.N.; El-Messmary, M.F. & Elarfi, M.G. 2010. Synthesis of Spiro heterocyclic compounds. E-Journal of Chemistry 7(1): 55-58.
Ibrahim, L.F.; Elkhateeb, A.; Marzouk, M.M.; Hussein, S.R.; Abdel-Hameed, E.S.S. & Kassem, M.E. 2016. Flavonoid investigation, LC–ESIMS profile and cytotoxic activity of Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Brassicaceae). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 8(7): 786-793.
Jan, M. & Badar, A. 2012. Effect of crude extract of Raphanus sativus roots on isolated trachea of albino rat. Pakistan Journal of Physiology 8(1): 23-26.
Jabbar, M.Z. Hatam, A.A. & Hamad, H.A. 2019. Causes and Management of neonatal jaundice in almosawi pediatric hospital in Nasiryiah City: A retrospective study. University of Thi-Qar Journal of Medicine, 18(2), 120-127.
Jardine, L.A. & Woodgate, P. 2012. Neonatal jaundice. American Family Physician 85(8): 824-5.
John, O.R.; Yahaya, A.A. & Emmanuel, A. 2012. Aqueous ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica stem bark effect on the biochemical and haematological parameters of albino rats. Archives of Applied Science Research 4(4): 1618-1622.
Kalantari, H.; Kooshapur, H.; Rezaii, F. & Moosavi, M. 2009. Study of the protective effect of Raphanus sativus (radish) seed in liver toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products 4(1): 24-31.
Kolekar, T.V.; Yadav, H.M.; Bandgar, S.S. & Deshmukh, P.Y. 2011. Synthesis by sol–gel method and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles. Indian Streams Research Journal 1(1): 1-4.
Kumar, M. 2020. Synthesis, characterization of plant-mediated green nanoparticles and validation of medicinal impact on mammalian model. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Ranchi University. 589 p.
Kutshik, R.J.; Jiyil, M.K.; Mafuyai, C.E. & Ichor, L. L. 2020. Anti-anaemic effect of Cnidoscolus chayamansa (Mc Vaugh) leaf extract on phenyl hydrazine-treated rats. Journal of Advances in Biology and Biotechnology 23-32.
Lin, T.T.; Gao, D.Y.; Liu, Y.C.; Sung, Y.C.; Wan, D.; Liu, J.Y. & Chen, Y. 2016. Development and characterization of sorafenib-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for the systemic treatment of liver fibrosis. Journal of Controlled Release 221: 62-70.
Mahjoubi-Samet, A.; Fetoui, H. & Zeghal, N. 2008. Nephrotoxicity induced by dimethoate in adult rats and their suckling pups. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 91(2): 96-103.
Matsumoto, M.; Kano, H.; Suzuki, M.; Katagiri, T.; Umeda, Y. & Fukushima, S. 2016. Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of hydrazine monohydrate in rats and mice by two-year drinking water treatment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 76: 63-73.
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Mejia, G.B.; Sanz, C.R.; Avila, M.M.; Peraza, A.V.; Guzmán, D.C.; Olguín, H.J. & Cruz, E.G. 2008. Experimental hemolysis model to study bilirubin encephalopathy in rat brain. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 168(1): 35-41.
Memon, N.; Weinberger, B.I.; Hegyi, T. & Aleksunes, L.M. 2016. Inherited disorders of bilirubin clearance. Pediatric Research 79(3): 378-386.
Moreira, M.A.; Nascimento, M.A.; Bozzo, T.A.; Cintra, A.; da Silva, S.M.; Dalboni, M.A. & Higa, E.M. 2014. Ascorbic acid reduces gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats through the control of reactive oxygen species. Clinical Nutrition 33(2): 296-301.
Musyoka, T.M.; Dorothy, N.W.; Wycliffe, A.M.; Juma, K.K. & Nzioka, M.D. 2016. In vivo antianaemic effect and safety of aqueous extracts of Erythrina abyssinica and Zanthoxylum usambarensis in mice models. Journal of Hematology & Thromboembolic Diseases, pp. 2-10.
Nawaz, H.; Shad, M.A. & Iqbal, M.S. 2016. Optimization of phenylhydrazine induced hyperbilirubinemia in experimental rabbit. Experimental Animals 65(4): 363-372.
Nowack, R.; Flores-Suarez, F.; Birck, R.; Schmitt, W. & Benck, U. 2011. Herbal treatments of glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure: Review and recommendations for research. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 3(9): 124-136.
Ochekpe, N.A.; Olorunfemi, P.O. & Ngwuluka, N.C. 2009. Nanotechnology and drug delivery part 1: background and applications. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 8(3).
Ozcan, A.; Atakisi, E.; Karapehlivan, M.; Atakisi, O. & Citil, M.E. 2007. Effect of L-carnitine on oxidative damage to liver, kidney and spleen induced by phenylhydrazine in mice. Journal of Applied Animal Research 32(1): 97-100.
Patel Anita, P.; Patel, J.K.; Patel Khushbu, S.; Deshmukh Aaishwarya, B. & Mishra Bharat, R. 2011. A review on drug nanocrystal a carrier free drug delivery. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 2(2): 448-458.
Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, K.C.; Onyeike, E.N. & Wegwu, M.O. 2010. Hepatoprotective effects of methanolic extract and fractions of African mistletoe Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. & K. Krause) from Nigeria. Excli Journal 9: 187.
Patton, C.J. & Crouch, S.R. 1977. Spectrophotometric and kinetics in- vestigation of the Berthelot reaction for the determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry 49: 464–469.
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Rehman, K.; Akash, M.S.H.; Azhar, S.; Khan, S.A.; Abid, R.; Waseem, A. & Sherazi, T.A. 2012. A biochemical and histopathologic study showing protection and treatment of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits using vitamin C. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 9(3): 360-365.
Sadeek, E.A. 2011. Protective effect of fresh juice from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rat models. African Journal of Biological Sciences 7(1): 69-84.
Sadeek, R.A.; Abd Elsabor, R.G. & Hassan, H.M. 2018. Potential protective effects of red radish (Raphanus sativus) in alleviation of health complications caused by ibuprofen 1 -10
Saki, F.; Hemmati, F. & Haghighat, M. 2011. Prevalence of Gilbert syndrome in parents of neonates with pathologic indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Annals of Saudi Medicine 31(2): 140-144.
Scholl, C.; Eshelman, B.D.; Barnes, D.M. & Hanlon, P.R. 2011. Raphasatin is a more potent inducer of the detoxification enzymes than its degradation products. Journal of Food Science 76(3): C504-C511.
Sharma, J.; Gairola, S.; Gaur, R.D. & Painuli, R.M. 2012. The treatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenous communities of the Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143(1): 262-291.
Sindhu, G.; Nishanthi, E. & Sharmila, R. 2015. Nephroprotective effect of vanillic acid against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats: a biochemical and molecular study. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 39(1): 392-404.
Singh, D.; Singh, R.; Singh, P. & Gupta, R.S. 2009. Effects of embelin on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity against liver damage in rats. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 105(4): 243-248.
Srinivasan, M.; Sudheer, A.R. & Menon, V.P. 2007. Ferulic acid: therapeutic potential through its antioxidant property. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 40(2): 92-100.
Syed, S.N.; Rizvi, W.; Kumar, A.; Khan, A.A.; Moin, S. & Ahsan, A. 2014. In vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activity of leave extract of Raphanus sativus in rats using CCL4 model. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 11(3): 102-106.
Valenzuela, A.; Guerra, R. & Garrido, A. 1987. Silybin dihemisuccinate protects rat erythrocytes against phenylhydrazine-induced lipid peroxidation and hemolysis. Planta Medica 53(05): 402-405.
Vivarelli, F.; Canistro, D.; Sapone, A.; De Nicola, G.R.; Babot Marquillas, C.; Iori, R. & Paolini, M. 2016. Raphanus sativus cv. Sango sprout juice decreases diet-induced obesity in sprague dawley rats and ameliorates related disorders. PloS one 11(3): e0150913.
Zainab I.M. & Maytham T.Q. 2021. Hormonal profile of men during infertility. Biochemical and Cellular Archives 21: 2895-2898.
Wolfgang, K. 2009. Diplomarbeit. Jaranese medicinal plants used in rural communities. pp: 48-50.
Yang, H.Y.; Kim, K.S.; Lee, Y.H.; Park, J.H.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, S. Y. & Kim, H.S. 2019. Dendropanax morbifera ameliorates thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis via TGF-β1/Smads pathways. International Journal of Biological Sciences 15(4): 800.
Olegovich Bokov, D.; Jalil, A.T.; Alsultany, F.H.; Mahmoud, M.Z.; Suksatan, W.; Chupradit, S. & Delir Kheirollahi Nezhad, P. 2022. Ir-decorated gallium nitride nanotubes as a chemical sensor for recognition of mesalamine drug: a DFT study. Molecular Simulation 1-10.
Younus, I.; Siddiq, A.; Baig, S.G.; Khan, S.S.; Ahmed, S. & Osama, M. 2019. Evaluation of pharmacological and toxic effects of ethanolic extract of radish pods in albino rabbits: A biochemical and histopathological study. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 32(3 (Suppl): 1275-1279.
Zangeneh, M.M.; Pooyanmehr, M. & Zangeneh, A. 2019. Biochemical, histopathological, and pharmacological evaluations of cutaneous wound healing properties of Quercus brantii ethanolic extract ointment in male rats. Comparative Clinical Pathology 28(5): 1483-1493.
Zhang, Z.; Bu, H.; Gao, Z.; Huang, Y.; Gao, F. & Li, Y. 2010. The characteristics and mechanism of simvastatin loaded lipid nanoparticles to increase oral bioavailability in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 394(1-2): 147-153.
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Jabbar, M.Z. Hatam, A.A. & Hamad, H.A. 2019. Causes and Management of neonatal jaundice in almosawi pediatric hospital in Nasiryiah City: A retrospective study. University of Thi-Qar Journal of Medicine, 18(2), 120-127.
Jardine, L.A. & Woodgate, P. 2012. Neonatal jaundice. American Family Physician 85(8): 824-5.
John, O.R.; Yahaya, A.A. & Emmanuel, A. 2012. Aqueous ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica stem bark effect on the biochemical and haematological parameters of albino rats. Archives of Applied Science Research 4(4): 1618-1622.
Kalantari, H.; Kooshapur, H.; Rezaii, F. & Moosavi, M. 2009. Study of the protective effect of Raphanus sativus (radish) seed in liver toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products 4(1): 24-31.
Kolekar, T.V.; Yadav, H.M.; Bandgar, S.S. & Deshmukh, P.Y. 2011. Synthesis by sol–gel method and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles. Indian Streams Research Journal 1(1): 1-4.
Kumar, M. 2020. Synthesis, characterization of plant-mediated green nanoparticles and validation of medicinal impact on mammalian model. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Ranchi University. 589 p.
Kutshik, R.J.; Jiyil, M.K.; Mafuyai, C.E. & Ichor, L. L. 2020. Anti-anaemic effect of Cnidoscolus chayamansa (Mc Vaugh) leaf extract on phenyl hydrazine-treated rats. Journal of Advances in Biology and Biotechnology 23-32.
Lin, T.T.; Gao, D.Y.; Liu, Y.C.; Sung, Y.C.; Wan, D.; Liu, J.Y. & Chen, Y. 2016. Development and characterization of sorafenib-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for the systemic treatment of liver fibrosis. Journal of Controlled Release 221: 62-70.
Mahjoubi-Samet, A.; Fetoui, H. & Zeghal, N. 2008. Nephrotoxicity induced by dimethoate in adult rats and their suckling pups. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 91(2): 96-103.
Matsumoto, M.; Kano, H.; Suzuki, M.; Katagiri, T.; Umeda, Y. & Fukushima, S. 2016. Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of hydrazine monohydrate in rats and mice by two-year drinking water treatment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 76: 63-73.
Mazza, G. 2018. Anthocyanins in fruits, vegetables, and grains. CRC Press. 215 p.
Mejia, G.B.; Sanz, C.R.; Avila, M.M.; Peraza, A.V.; Guzmán, D.C.; Olguín, H.J. & Cruz, E.G. 2008. Experimental hemolysis model to study bilirubin encephalopathy in rat brain. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 168(1): 35-41.
Memon, N.; Weinberger, B.I.; Hegyi, T. & Aleksunes, L.M. 2016. Inherited disorders of bilirubin clearance. Pediatric Research 79(3): 378-386.
Moreira, M.A.; Nascimento, M.A.; Bozzo, T.A.; Cintra, A.; da Silva, S.M.; Dalboni, M.A. & Higa, E.M. 2014. Ascorbic acid reduces gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats through the control of reactive oxygen species. Clinical Nutrition 33(2): 296-301.
Musyoka, T.M.; Dorothy, N.W.; Wycliffe, A.M.; Juma, K.K. & Nzioka, M.D. 2016. In vivo antianaemic effect and safety of aqueous extracts of Erythrina abyssinica and Zanthoxylum usambarensis in mice models. Journal of Hematology & Thromboembolic Diseases, pp. 2-10.
Nawaz, H.; Shad, M.A. & Iqbal, M.S. 2016. Optimization of phenylhydrazine induced hyperbilirubinemia in experimental rabbit. Experimental Animals 65(4): 363-372.
Nowack, R.; Flores-Suarez, F.; Birck, R.; Schmitt, W. & Benck, U. 2011. Herbal treatments of glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure: Review and recommendations for research. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 3(9): 124-136.
Ochekpe, N.A.; Olorunfemi, P.O. & Ngwuluka, N.C. 2009. Nanotechnology and drug delivery part 1: background and applications. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 8(3).
Ozcan, A.; Atakisi, E.; Karapehlivan, M.; Atakisi, O. & Citil, M.E. 2007. Effect of L-carnitine on oxidative damage to liver, kidney and spleen induced by phenylhydrazine in mice. Journal of Applied Animal Research 32(1): 97-100.
Patel Anita, P.; Patel, J.K.; Patel Khushbu, S.; Deshmukh Aaishwarya, B. & Mishra Bharat, R. 2011. A review on drug nanocrystal a carrier free drug delivery. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 2(2): 448-458.
Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, K.C.; Onyeike, E.N. & Wegwu, M.O. 2010. Hepatoprotective effects of methanolic extract and fractions of African mistletoe Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. & K. Krause) from Nigeria. Excli Journal 9: 187.
Patton, C.J. & Crouch, S.R. 1977. Spectrophotometric and kinetics in- vestigation of the Berthelot reaction for the determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry 49: 464–469.
Petyaev, I.M. 2015. Improvement of hepatic bioavailability as a new step for the future of statin. Archives of Medical Science: AMS 11(2): 406.
Presnell, J.K.; Schreibman, M.P. & Humason, G.L. 1997. Huma son’s animal tissue techniques. Johns Hopkins University Press. 512 p.
Rafatullah, S.; Al-Sheikh, A.; Alqasoumi, S.; Al-Yahya, M.; El-Tahir, K. & Galal, A. 2008. Protective effect of fresh radish juice (Raphanus sativus L.) against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. International Journal of Pharmacology 4(2): 130-134.
Rehman, K.; Akash, M.S.H.; Azhar, S.; Khan, S.A.; Abid, R.; Waseem, A. & Sherazi, T.A. 2012. A biochemical and histopathologic study showing protection and treatment of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits using vitamin C. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 9(3): 360-365.
Sadeek, E.A. 2011. Protective effect of fresh juice from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rat models. African Journal of Biological Sciences 7(1): 69-84.
Sadeek, R.A.; Abd Elsabor, R.G. & Hassan, H.M. 2018. Potential protective effects of red radish (Raphanus sativus) in alleviation of health complications caused by ibuprofen 1 -10
Saki, F.; Hemmati, F. & Haghighat, M. 2011. Prevalence of Gilbert syndrome in parents of neonates with pathologic indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Annals of Saudi Medicine 31(2): 140-144.
Scholl, C.; Eshelman, B.D.; Barnes, D.M. & Hanlon, P.R. 2011. Raphasatin is a more potent inducer of the detoxification enzymes than its degradation products. Journal of Food Science 76(3): C504-C511.
Sharma, J.; Gairola, S.; Gaur, R.D. & Painuli, R.M. 2012. The treatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenous communities of the Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143(1): 262-291.
Sindhu, G.; Nishanthi, E. & Sharmila, R. 2015. Nephroprotective effect of vanillic acid against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats: a biochemical and molecular study. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 39(1): 392-404.
Singh, D.; Singh, R.; Singh, P. & Gupta, R.S. 2009. Effects of embelin on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity against liver damage in rats. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 105(4): 243-248.
Srinivasan, M.; Sudheer, A.R. & Menon, V.P. 2007. Ferulic acid: therapeutic potential through its antioxidant property. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 40(2): 92-100.
Syed, S.N.; Rizvi, W.; Kumar, A.; Khan, A.A.; Moin, S. & Ahsan, A. 2014. In vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activity of leave extract of Raphanus sativus in rats using CCL4 model. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 11(3): 102-106.
Valenzuela, A.; Guerra, R. & Garrido, A. 1987. Silybin dihemisuccinate protects rat erythrocytes against phenylhydrazine-induced lipid peroxidation and hemolysis. Planta Medica 53(05): 402-405.
Vivarelli, F.; Canistro, D.; Sapone, A.; De Nicola, G.R.; Babot Marquillas, C.; Iori, R. & Paolini, M. 2016. Raphanus sativus cv. Sango sprout juice decreases diet-induced obesity in sprague dawley rats and ameliorates related disorders. PloS one 11(3): e0150913.
Zainab I.M. & Maytham T.Q. 2021. Hormonal profile of men during infertility. Biochemical and Cellular Archives 21: 2895-2898.
Wolfgang, K. 2009. Diplomarbeit. Jaranese medicinal plants used in rural communities. pp: 48-50.
Yang, H.Y.; Kim, K.S.; Lee, Y.H.; Park, J.H.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, S. Y. & Kim, H.S. 2019. Dendropanax morbifera ameliorates thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis via TGF-β1/Smads pathways. International Journal of Biological Sciences 15(4): 800.
Olegovich Bokov, D.; Jalil, A.T.; Alsultany, F.H.; Mahmoud, M.Z.; Suksatan, W.; Chupradit, S. & Delir Kheirollahi Nezhad, P. 2022. Ir-decorated gallium nitride nanotubes as a chemical sensor for recognition of mesalamine drug: a DFT study. Molecular Simulation 1-10.
Younus, I.; Siddiq, A.; Baig, S.G.; Khan, S.S.; Ahmed, S. & Osama, M. 2019. Evaluation of pharmacological and toxic effects of ethanolic extract of radish pods in albino rabbits: A biochemical and histopathological study. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 32(3 (Suppl): 1275-1279.
Zangeneh, M.M.; Pooyanmehr, M. & Zangeneh, A. 2019. Biochemical, histopathological, and pharmacological evaluations of cutaneous wound healing properties of Quercus brantii ethanolic extract ointment in male rats. Comparative Clinical Pathology 28(5): 1483-1493.
Zhang, Z.; Bu, H.; Gao, Z.; Huang, Y.; Gao, F. & Li, Y. 2010. The characteristics and mechanism of simvastatin loaded lipid nanoparticles to increase oral bioavailability in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 394(1-2): 147-153.