Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the temporal variation in fish assemblage in Chabahar Bay mangrove habitat. Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) sampling method was applied to record the fish presence. Fishes were sampled monthly from June 2017 to April 2018 at daylight time (9:00 to 14:00) during high tide. Water temperature, turbidity, and salinity were recorded at the time of sampling. During the study, a total of 17 species belonging to 12 families were identified. Ambassis gymnocephalus was found as the dominant fish throughout the year except in November and December. The most abundant fish fauna in numbers was characterized by the following five species: Ambassis gymnocephalus (53.38%), Sardinella sp. (17.13%), Terapon jarbua (4.79%), Rhabdosargus sarba (3.25%) and Acanthopagrus berda (2.9%). ANOSIM showed that significant differences in the assemblage structure occurred among months (R=0.613, P< 0.001), and the CLUSTER analysis, together with the SIMPROF test showed that December is significantly different in term of fish assemblage. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) on species-environment correlations revealed that temperature and turbidity were the main parameters influencing fish occurrence in the mangrove habitat of Chabahar Bay. The overall diversity (Shannon–Wiener, Simpson’s Index of Diversity, and Pielou’s evenness), as well as functional diversity indexes (FRic and FDis), was higher in autumn and spring pointing out that the diversity is higher when the temperature had the closest value to averaged value.
Keywords
Biodiversity
Oman Sea
Max N
Temporal variation
BRUV.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
KOOCHAKNEJAD, E., GHAZILOU, A., SHARIFINIA, M., ERSHADIFAR, H., & KOR, K. (2021). Short term temporal variation of mangrove fish assemblage in Chabahar Bay (Oman Sea). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 7(4), 338–351. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v7i4.524
References
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Cappo, M.; Harvey, E. & Shortis, M. 2006. Counting and measuring fish with baited video techniques-an overview. In: Australian Society for Fish Biology Workshop Proceedings. Australian Society for Fish Biology 101-114.
Carpenter, K.E.; Krupp F.; D.J. & Zajonz, U. 1997. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.
Castellanos-Galindo, G.A.; Krumme, U.; Rubio, E.A. & Saint-Paul, U. 2013. Spatial variability of mangrove fish assemblage composition in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 23: 69-86.
Clarke, K.R. & Gorley, R.N. 2006. PRIMER v5: User Manual/Tutorial. Primer-E Limited, Plymouth, UK.
Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. 1999. The taxonomic distinctness measure of biodiversity: weighting of step lengths between hierarchical levels. Marine Ecology Progress Series 184:21-29.
Cocheret de la Morinière, E.; Nagelkerken, I.; van der Meij, H. & van der Velde, G. 2004. What attracts juvenile coral reef fish to mangroves: habitat complexity or shade? Marine Biology 144: 139-145.
de Arruda Almeida, B.; Green, A.J.; Sebastian-Gonzalez, E. & dos Anjos, L. 2018. Comparing species richness, functional diversity and functional composition of waterbird communities along environmental gradients in the neotropics .PloS one 13(7)
Ershadifar, H.; Koochaknejad, E.; Ghazilou, A.; Kor, K.; Negarestan, H. & Baskaleh, G. 2020. Response of phytoplankton assemblages to variations in environmental parameters in a subtropical bay (Chabahar Bay, Iran): Harmful algal blooms and coastal hypoxia. Regional Studies in Marine Science 3: 101421.
Faunce C.H. & Serafy J.E. .2006. Mangroves as fish habitat: 50 years of field studies Marine Ecology Progress Series 318: 1-18.
Froese R. & Pauly D. 2000. FishBase .2000: concepts, design and data sources. ICLARM, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.,
Ghazilou, A.; Shokri, M. & Gladstone, W. 2016. Animal v. plant‐based bait: does the bait type affect census of fish assemblages and trophic groups by baited remote underwater video (BRUV) systems?. Journal of Fish Biology 88: 1731-1745.
Hajisamae, S.; Yeesin, P. & Chaimongkol, S. 2006. Habitat utilization by fishes in a shallow, semi-enclosed estuarine bay in southern Gulf of Thailand Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science 68: 647-655.
Harvey, E.; Shortis, M.R.; Stadler, M. & Cappo, M. 2002. A Comparison of the Accuracy and Precision of Measurements from Single and Stereo-Video Systems. Marine Technology Society Journal 36: 38-49.
Hossain, M.S.; Gopal, Das, N.; Sarker, S. & Rahaman, M.Z. 2012. Fish diversity and habitat relationship with environmental variables at Meghna river estuary, Bangladesh. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 38: 213-226.
Jamnia, A.R.; Mazloumzadeh, S.M. & Keikha, A.A. 2015. Estimate the technical efficiency of fishing vessels operating in Chabahar region, Southern Iran. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 14: 26-32.
Kamrani, E.; Sharifinia, M. & Hashemi, S.H. 2016. Analyses of fish community structure changes in three subtropical estuaries from the Iranian coastal waters. Marine Biodiversity 46: 561-577
Laegdsgaard, P. & Johnson, C. 2001. Why do juvenile fish utilise mangrove habitats?. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 257: 229-253.
Laliberté, E. & Legendre, P. 2010. A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91: 299-305.
Lazzaro, X. 1987. A review of planktivorous fishes: their evolution, feeding behaviours, selectivities, and impacts. Hydrobiologia 146: 97-167
Legras, G.; Loiseau, N. & Gaertner, J.C. 2018. Functional richness: Overview of indices and underlying concepts. Acta Oecologica 87: 34-44
Mason, N.; Mouillot, D.; Lee, W. & Wilson, J. 2005. Functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence: The primary components of functional diversity. Oikos 111: 112-118.
Mirera, D.O.; Kairo, J.G.; Kimani, E.N. & Waweru, F.K. 2010. A comparison between fish assemblages in mangrove forests and on intertidal flats at Ungwana Bay, Kenya .African Journal of Aquatic Science 35: 165-171.
Mumby, P.J. 2006. Connectivity of reef fish between mangroves and coral reefs: Algorithms for the design of marine reserves at seascape scales. Biological Conservation 128(2): 215-222.
Nagelkerken, I.S.J.M.; Blaber, S.J.M.; Bouillon, S., Green, P.; Haywood, M.; Kirton, L.G.; Meynecke, J.O.; Pawlik, J.; Penrose, H.M.; Sasekumar, A. & Somerfield, P.J., 2008. The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review Aquatic Botany. 89:155-185.
Nagelkerken, I.; Van der Velde, G.; Gorissen, M.; Meijer, G.; Van't Hof, T. & Den Hartog, C. 2000. Importance of mangroves, seagrass beds and the shallow coral reef as a nursery for important coral reef fishes, using a visual census technique. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 51: 31-44.
Psomadakis, P.N.; Osmany, H.B. & Moazzam, M. 2015. Field Identification Guide to the Living Marine Resources of Pakistan. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Reis‐Filho, J.A.; Giarrizzo, T. & Barros, F. 2020. Stationary underwater cameras assess more efficiently clear‐water mangrove fish assemblages: A comparison of non‐extractive techniques. Marine Ecology 41: e12597.
Rooker, J.R.; Dennis, G.D. & Goulet, D. 1996. Sampling larval fishes with a nightlight lift-net in tropical inshore waters. Fisheries Research 26: 1-15.
Schleuter, D.; Daufresne, M.; Massol, F. & Argillier, C. 2010. A user's guide to functional diversity indices. Ecological Monographs 80: 469-484.
Selleslagh, J. & Amara, R. 2008. Environmental factors structuring fish composition and assemblages in a small macrotidal estuary (eastern English Channel). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 79: 507-517.
Shahraki, M. 2015. Fish Community Structure and Food Web Dynamics in Low Rainfall Mangrove and Non-mangrove Ecosystems (Persian Gulf). Staats-und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen.
Shahraki, M.; Saint-Paul, U.; Krumme, U. & Fry, B. 2016. Fish use of intertidal mangrove creeks at Qeshm Island, Iran. Marine Ecology Progress Series 542: 153-166.
Taylor, M.D.; Baker, J. & Suthers, I.M. 2013. Tidal currents, sampling effort and baited remote underwater video (BRUV) surveys: Are we drawing the right conclusions? Fisheries Research 140: 96-104.
ter Braak, C. & Šmilauer, P. 2012. Canoco reference manual and user’s guide: software of ordination (version 5.0). Microcomputer Power (Ithaca, NY USA).
Tse, P.; Nip, T.H.M. & Wong, C.K. 2008. Nursery function of mangrove: A comparison with mudflat in terms of fish species composition and fish diet. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 80: 235-242.
Vilar, C.; Spach, H. & Joyeux, J.C. 2011. Spatial and temporal changes in the fish assemblage of a subtropical estuary in Brazil: Environmental effects Journal of the. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
Villéger, S.; Mason, N.W.H. & Mouillot, D. 2008. New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaced framework in functional ecology. Ecology 89: 2290-2301.
Wang, M.; Huang, Z.; Shi, F. & Wang, W. 2009. Are vegetated areas of mangroves attractive to juvenile and small fish? The case of Dongzhaigang Bay, Hainan Island, China Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science 85: 208-216.
Watson, D.L.; Harvey, E.S.; Anderson, M.J. & Kendrick G.A. 2005. A comparison of temperate reef fish assemblages recorded by three underwater stereo-video techniques. Marine Biology 148: 415-425.
Whitfield, A.K. 1999. Ichthyofaunal assemblages in estuaries: A South African case study. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 9: 151-186.
Whitfield, A.K. 2017. The role of seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, salt marshes and reed beds as nursery areas and food sources for fishes in estuaries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27: 75-110.
Whitmarsh, S.K.; Fairweather, P.G. & HuveneersM C. 2017. What is Big BRUVver up to? Methods and uses of baited underwater video. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27: 53-73.
Willis, T.J. & Babcock, R.C. 2000. A baited underwater video system for the determination of relative density of carnivorous reef fish. Marine and Freshwater Research 51: 755-763.
Willis, T.J.; Milla,r R.B. & Babcock, R.C. 2000. Detection of spatial variability in relative density of fishes: comparison of visual census, angling, and baited underwater video. Marine Ecology Progress Series 198: 249-260.
References
Cappo, M.; Harvey, E. & Shortis, M. 2006. Counting and measuring fish with baited video techniques-an overview. In: Australian Society for Fish Biology Workshop Proceedings. Australian Society for Fish Biology 101-114.
Carpenter, K.E.; Krupp F.; D.J. & Zajonz, U. 1997. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.
Castellanos-Galindo, G.A.; Krumme, U.; Rubio, E.A. & Saint-Paul, U. 2013. Spatial variability of mangrove fish assemblage composition in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 23: 69-86.
Clarke, K.R. & Gorley, R.N. 2006. PRIMER v5: User Manual/Tutorial. Primer-E Limited, Plymouth, UK.
Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. 1999. The taxonomic distinctness measure of biodiversity: weighting of step lengths between hierarchical levels. Marine Ecology Progress Series 184:21-29.
Cocheret de la Morinière, E.; Nagelkerken, I.; van der Meij, H. & van der Velde, G. 2004. What attracts juvenile coral reef fish to mangroves: habitat complexity or shade? Marine Biology 144: 139-145.
de Arruda Almeida, B.; Green, A.J.; Sebastian-Gonzalez, E. & dos Anjos, L. 2018. Comparing species richness, functional diversity and functional composition of waterbird communities along environmental gradients in the neotropics .PloS one 13(7)
Ershadifar, H.; Koochaknejad, E.; Ghazilou, A.; Kor, K.; Negarestan, H. & Baskaleh, G. 2020. Response of phytoplankton assemblages to variations in environmental parameters in a subtropical bay (Chabahar Bay, Iran): Harmful algal blooms and coastal hypoxia. Regional Studies in Marine Science 3: 101421.
Faunce C.H. & Serafy J.E. .2006. Mangroves as fish habitat: 50 years of field studies Marine Ecology Progress Series 318: 1-18.
Froese R. & Pauly D. 2000. FishBase .2000: concepts, design and data sources. ICLARM, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.,
Ghazilou, A.; Shokri, M. & Gladstone, W. 2016. Animal v. plant‐based bait: does the bait type affect census of fish assemblages and trophic groups by baited remote underwater video (BRUV) systems?. Journal of Fish Biology 88: 1731-1745.
Hajisamae, S.; Yeesin, P. & Chaimongkol, S. 2006. Habitat utilization by fishes in a shallow, semi-enclosed estuarine bay in southern Gulf of Thailand Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science 68: 647-655.
Harvey, E.; Shortis, M.R.; Stadler, M. & Cappo, M. 2002. A Comparison of the Accuracy and Precision of Measurements from Single and Stereo-Video Systems. Marine Technology Society Journal 36: 38-49.
Hossain, M.S.; Gopal, Das, N.; Sarker, S. & Rahaman, M.Z. 2012. Fish diversity and habitat relationship with environmental variables at Meghna river estuary, Bangladesh. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 38: 213-226.
Jamnia, A.R.; Mazloumzadeh, S.M. & Keikha, A.A. 2015. Estimate the technical efficiency of fishing vessels operating in Chabahar region, Southern Iran. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 14: 26-32.
Kamrani, E.; Sharifinia, M. & Hashemi, S.H. 2016. Analyses of fish community structure changes in three subtropical estuaries from the Iranian coastal waters. Marine Biodiversity 46: 561-577
Laegdsgaard, P. & Johnson, C. 2001. Why do juvenile fish utilise mangrove habitats?. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 257: 229-253.
Laliberté, E. & Legendre, P. 2010. A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91: 299-305.
Lazzaro, X. 1987. A review of planktivorous fishes: their evolution, feeding behaviours, selectivities, and impacts. Hydrobiologia 146: 97-167
Legras, G.; Loiseau, N. & Gaertner, J.C. 2018. Functional richness: Overview of indices and underlying concepts. Acta Oecologica 87: 34-44
Mason, N.; Mouillot, D.; Lee, W. & Wilson, J. 2005. Functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence: The primary components of functional diversity. Oikos 111: 112-118.
Mirera, D.O.; Kairo, J.G.; Kimani, E.N. & Waweru, F.K. 2010. A comparison between fish assemblages in mangrove forests and on intertidal flats at Ungwana Bay, Kenya .African Journal of Aquatic Science 35: 165-171.
Mumby, P.J. 2006. Connectivity of reef fish between mangroves and coral reefs: Algorithms for the design of marine reserves at seascape scales. Biological Conservation 128(2): 215-222.
Nagelkerken, I.S.J.M.; Blaber, S.J.M.; Bouillon, S., Green, P.; Haywood, M.; Kirton, L.G.; Meynecke, J.O.; Pawlik, J.; Penrose, H.M.; Sasekumar, A. & Somerfield, P.J., 2008. The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review Aquatic Botany. 89:155-185.
Nagelkerken, I.; Van der Velde, G.; Gorissen, M.; Meijer, G.; Van't Hof, T. & Den Hartog, C. 2000. Importance of mangroves, seagrass beds and the shallow coral reef as a nursery for important coral reef fishes, using a visual census technique. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 51: 31-44.
Psomadakis, P.N.; Osmany, H.B. & Moazzam, M. 2015. Field Identification Guide to the Living Marine Resources of Pakistan. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Reis‐Filho, J.A.; Giarrizzo, T. & Barros, F. 2020. Stationary underwater cameras assess more efficiently clear‐water mangrove fish assemblages: A comparison of non‐extractive techniques. Marine Ecology 41: e12597.
Rooker, J.R.; Dennis, G.D. & Goulet, D. 1996. Sampling larval fishes with a nightlight lift-net in tropical inshore waters. Fisheries Research 26: 1-15.
Schleuter, D.; Daufresne, M.; Massol, F. & Argillier, C. 2010. A user's guide to functional diversity indices. Ecological Monographs 80: 469-484.
Selleslagh, J. & Amara, R. 2008. Environmental factors structuring fish composition and assemblages in a small macrotidal estuary (eastern English Channel). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 79: 507-517.
Shahraki, M. 2015. Fish Community Structure and Food Web Dynamics in Low Rainfall Mangrove and Non-mangrove Ecosystems (Persian Gulf). Staats-und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen.
Shahraki, M.; Saint-Paul, U.; Krumme, U. & Fry, B. 2016. Fish use of intertidal mangrove creeks at Qeshm Island, Iran. Marine Ecology Progress Series 542: 153-166.
Taylor, M.D.; Baker, J. & Suthers, I.M. 2013. Tidal currents, sampling effort and baited remote underwater video (BRUV) surveys: Are we drawing the right conclusions? Fisheries Research 140: 96-104.
ter Braak, C. & Šmilauer, P. 2012. Canoco reference manual and user’s guide: software of ordination (version 5.0). Microcomputer Power (Ithaca, NY USA).
Tse, P.; Nip, T.H.M. & Wong, C.K. 2008. Nursery function of mangrove: A comparison with mudflat in terms of fish species composition and fish diet. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 80: 235-242.
Vilar, C.; Spach, H. & Joyeux, J.C. 2011. Spatial and temporal changes in the fish assemblage of a subtropical estuary in Brazil: Environmental effects Journal of the. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
Villéger, S.; Mason, N.W.H. & Mouillot, D. 2008. New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaced framework in functional ecology. Ecology 89: 2290-2301.
Wang, M.; Huang, Z.; Shi, F. & Wang, W. 2009. Are vegetated areas of mangroves attractive to juvenile and small fish? The case of Dongzhaigang Bay, Hainan Island, China Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science 85: 208-216.
Watson, D.L.; Harvey, E.S.; Anderson, M.J. & Kendrick G.A. 2005. A comparison of temperate reef fish assemblages recorded by three underwater stereo-video techniques. Marine Biology 148: 415-425.
Whitfield, A.K. 1999. Ichthyofaunal assemblages in estuaries: A South African case study. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 9: 151-186.
Whitfield, A.K. 2017. The role of seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, salt marshes and reed beds as nursery areas and food sources for fishes in estuaries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27: 75-110.
Whitmarsh, S.K.; Fairweather, P.G. & HuveneersM C. 2017. What is Big BRUVver up to? Methods and uses of baited underwater video. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27: 53-73.
Willis, T.J. & Babcock, R.C. 2000. A baited underwater video system for the determination of relative density of carnivorous reef fish. Marine and Freshwater Research 51: 755-763.
Willis, T.J.; Milla,r R.B. & Babcock, R.C. 2000. Detection of spatial variability in relative density of fishes: comparison of visual census, angling, and baited underwater video. Marine Ecology Progress Series 198: 249-260.
Carpenter, K.E.; Krupp F.; D.J. & Zajonz, U. 1997. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.
Castellanos-Galindo, G.A.; Krumme, U.; Rubio, E.A. & Saint-Paul, U. 2013. Spatial variability of mangrove fish assemblage composition in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 23: 69-86.
Clarke, K.R. & Gorley, R.N. 2006. PRIMER v5: User Manual/Tutorial. Primer-E Limited, Plymouth, UK.
Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. 1999. The taxonomic distinctness measure of biodiversity: weighting of step lengths between hierarchical levels. Marine Ecology Progress Series 184:21-29.
Cocheret de la Morinière, E.; Nagelkerken, I.; van der Meij, H. & van der Velde, G. 2004. What attracts juvenile coral reef fish to mangroves: habitat complexity or shade? Marine Biology 144: 139-145.
de Arruda Almeida, B.; Green, A.J.; Sebastian-Gonzalez, E. & dos Anjos, L. 2018. Comparing species richness, functional diversity and functional composition of waterbird communities along environmental gradients in the neotropics .PloS one 13(7)
Ershadifar, H.; Koochaknejad, E.; Ghazilou, A.; Kor, K.; Negarestan, H. & Baskaleh, G. 2020. Response of phytoplankton assemblages to variations in environmental parameters in a subtropical bay (Chabahar Bay, Iran): Harmful algal blooms and coastal hypoxia. Regional Studies in Marine Science 3: 101421.
Faunce C.H. & Serafy J.E. .2006. Mangroves as fish habitat: 50 years of field studies Marine Ecology Progress Series 318: 1-18.
Froese R. & Pauly D. 2000. FishBase .2000: concepts, design and data sources. ICLARM, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.,
Ghazilou, A.; Shokri, M. & Gladstone, W. 2016. Animal v. plant‐based bait: does the bait type affect census of fish assemblages and trophic groups by baited remote underwater video (BRUV) systems?. Journal of Fish Biology 88: 1731-1745.
Hajisamae, S.; Yeesin, P. & Chaimongkol, S. 2006. Habitat utilization by fishes in a shallow, semi-enclosed estuarine bay in southern Gulf of Thailand Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science 68: 647-655.
Harvey, E.; Shortis, M.R.; Stadler, M. & Cappo, M. 2002. A Comparison of the Accuracy and Precision of Measurements from Single and Stereo-Video Systems. Marine Technology Society Journal 36: 38-49.
Hossain, M.S.; Gopal, Das, N.; Sarker, S. & Rahaman, M.Z. 2012. Fish diversity and habitat relationship with environmental variables at Meghna river estuary, Bangladesh. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 38: 213-226.
Jamnia, A.R.; Mazloumzadeh, S.M. & Keikha, A.A. 2015. Estimate the technical efficiency of fishing vessels operating in Chabahar region, Southern Iran. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 14: 26-32.
Kamrani, E.; Sharifinia, M. & Hashemi, S.H. 2016. Analyses of fish community structure changes in three subtropical estuaries from the Iranian coastal waters. Marine Biodiversity 46: 561-577
Laegdsgaard, P. & Johnson, C. 2001. Why do juvenile fish utilise mangrove habitats?. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 257: 229-253.
Laliberté, E. & Legendre, P. 2010. A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91: 299-305.
Lazzaro, X. 1987. A review of planktivorous fishes: their evolution, feeding behaviours, selectivities, and impacts. Hydrobiologia 146: 97-167
Legras, G.; Loiseau, N. & Gaertner, J.C. 2018. Functional richness: Overview of indices and underlying concepts. Acta Oecologica 87: 34-44
Mason, N.; Mouillot, D.; Lee, W. & Wilson, J. 2005. Functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence: The primary components of functional diversity. Oikos 111: 112-118.
Mirera, D.O.; Kairo, J.G.; Kimani, E.N. & Waweru, F.K. 2010. A comparison between fish assemblages in mangrove forests and on intertidal flats at Ungwana Bay, Kenya .African Journal of Aquatic Science 35: 165-171.
Mumby, P.J. 2006. Connectivity of reef fish between mangroves and coral reefs: Algorithms for the design of marine reserves at seascape scales. Biological Conservation 128(2): 215-222.
Nagelkerken, I.S.J.M.; Blaber, S.J.M.; Bouillon, S., Green, P.; Haywood, M.; Kirton, L.G.; Meynecke, J.O.; Pawlik, J.; Penrose, H.M.; Sasekumar, A. & Somerfield, P.J., 2008. The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review Aquatic Botany. 89:155-185.
Nagelkerken, I.; Van der Velde, G.; Gorissen, M.; Meijer, G.; Van't Hof, T. & Den Hartog, C. 2000. Importance of mangroves, seagrass beds and the shallow coral reef as a nursery for important coral reef fishes, using a visual census technique. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 51: 31-44.
Psomadakis, P.N.; Osmany, H.B. & Moazzam, M. 2015. Field Identification Guide to the Living Marine Resources of Pakistan. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Reis‐Filho, J.A.; Giarrizzo, T. & Barros, F. 2020. Stationary underwater cameras assess more efficiently clear‐water mangrove fish assemblages: A comparison of non‐extractive techniques. Marine Ecology 41: e12597.
Rooker, J.R.; Dennis, G.D. & Goulet, D. 1996. Sampling larval fishes with a nightlight lift-net in tropical inshore waters. Fisheries Research 26: 1-15.
Schleuter, D.; Daufresne, M.; Massol, F. & Argillier, C. 2010. A user's guide to functional diversity indices. Ecological Monographs 80: 469-484.
Selleslagh, J. & Amara, R. 2008. Environmental factors structuring fish composition and assemblages in a small macrotidal estuary (eastern English Channel). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 79: 507-517.
Shahraki, M. 2015. Fish Community Structure and Food Web Dynamics in Low Rainfall Mangrove and Non-mangrove Ecosystems (Persian Gulf). Staats-und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen.
Shahraki, M.; Saint-Paul, U.; Krumme, U. & Fry, B. 2016. Fish use of intertidal mangrove creeks at Qeshm Island, Iran. Marine Ecology Progress Series 542: 153-166.
Taylor, M.D.; Baker, J. & Suthers, I.M. 2013. Tidal currents, sampling effort and baited remote underwater video (BRUV) surveys: Are we drawing the right conclusions? Fisheries Research 140: 96-104.
ter Braak, C. & Šmilauer, P. 2012. Canoco reference manual and user’s guide: software of ordination (version 5.0). Microcomputer Power (Ithaca, NY USA).
Tse, P.; Nip, T.H.M. & Wong, C.K. 2008. Nursery function of mangrove: A comparison with mudflat in terms of fish species composition and fish diet. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 80: 235-242.
Vilar, C.; Spach, H. & Joyeux, J.C. 2011. Spatial and temporal changes in the fish assemblage of a subtropical estuary in Brazil: Environmental effects Journal of the. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
Villéger, S.; Mason, N.W.H. & Mouillot, D. 2008. New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaced framework in functional ecology. Ecology 89: 2290-2301.
Wang, M.; Huang, Z.; Shi, F. & Wang, W. 2009. Are vegetated areas of mangroves attractive to juvenile and small fish? The case of Dongzhaigang Bay, Hainan Island, China Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science 85: 208-216.
Watson, D.L.; Harvey, E.S.; Anderson, M.J. & Kendrick G.A. 2005. A comparison of temperate reef fish assemblages recorded by three underwater stereo-video techniques. Marine Biology 148: 415-425.
Whitfield, A.K. 1999. Ichthyofaunal assemblages in estuaries: A South African case study. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 9: 151-186.
Whitfield, A.K. 2017. The role of seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, salt marshes and reed beds as nursery areas and food sources for fishes in estuaries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27: 75-110.
Whitmarsh, S.K.; Fairweather, P.G. & HuveneersM C. 2017. What is Big BRUVver up to? Methods and uses of baited underwater video. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27: 53-73.
Willis, T.J. & Babcock, R.C. 2000. A baited underwater video system for the determination of relative density of carnivorous reef fish. Marine and Freshwater Research 51: 755-763.
Willis, T.J.; Milla,r R.B. & Babcock, R.C. 2000. Detection of spatial variability in relative density of fishes: comparison of visual census, angling, and baited underwater video. Marine Ecology Progress Series 198: 249-260.