Main Article Content
Abstract
The present study investigates effects of stocking density of Bagrid catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus on the growth performance, feed utilization, proximate composition and water quality. Fish with average weight of 7.34±2.36g were stocked in triplicates at densities of 20 fish/m3 (SD 20), 40 fish/m3 (SD 40), 60 fish/m3 (SD 60) and 80 fish/m3 (SD 80). Fish were fed twice a day to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that growth performance parameters such as final length, final weight, specific growth rate (SGR), percentage weight gain (%WG), weight gain (WG), and average daily weight gain (ADWG), were significantly different amongst treatments. The highest growth values were obtained in group SD 40 and the least values were obtained in group SD 80. Fish stocked at SD 40 recorded the best feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency. Condition factor increased with stocking density but only from density SD 20 to SD 60 and decreased at SD 80. Water quality parameters were not significantly different among treatment except for nitrate but were all within acceptable ranges for fish culture. There was significant difference in coefficient efficient variation of final weight. There was no significant difference in proximate composition among groups. For optimum growth and feed utilization, this study recommends 40 fish/m3 as the best stocking density for Bagrid catfish.
Keywords
Coefficient of variation
Growth performance
Feed performance
Water quality.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
AGLAGO, A., AYISI, C. L., & AMPOFO-YEBOAH, A. (2021). Effect of stocking density of juvenile Bagrid catfish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Siluriformes: Claroteidae) on growth performance, feed utilization, proximate composition and water quality. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8(4), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v8i4.633
References
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Abou, Y. & Odountan, H.O. 2016. Effects of stocking density on growth, production and farming protability of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed chicken viscera-diet in earthen ponds. International Journal of Biosciences 9(6): 404-414.
Amos, A. 2013. Effects of stocking density on the production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in floating net cages on the Volta Lake. MPhil. Thesis, University Of Ghana, Legon. 126p.
AOAC. 2003. Official methods of analysis, 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, USA
APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environmental Federation, Washington DC.
Awawu, D. 2011. Effects of stocking density on production of Clarias gariepinus (Tuegels) juveniles in floating bamboo cages at kubanni reservior, zaria, nigeria. Ahmed Bello University.
Azaza, M.; Assad, A.; Maghrbi, W. & El-Cafsi, M. 2013. The effects of rearing density on growth, size heterogeneity and inter-individual variation of feed intake in monosex male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. Animal 7: 1865-1874.
Bosworth, B.; Ott, B. & Torrans, L. 2015. Effects of stocking density on production traits of channel Catfish × Blue catfish hybrids. North American Journal of Aquaculture 77(4): 437-443.
Chowdhury, M.A.; Roy, N.C. & Chowdhury, A. 2020. Growth, yield and economic returns of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) at different stocking densities under floodplain cage culture system. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 46(1): 91-95.
Dediu L.; Cristea V. & Xiaoshuan Z. 2012. Waste production and valorization in an integrated aquaponic system with bester and lettuce. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(9): 2349-2358.
Dediu, L.; Cristea, V.; Docan, A. & Vasilean, V. 2011. Evaluation of condition and technological performance of hybrid bester reared in standard and aquaponics system. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation- International Journal of the Bioflux Society 4(4):490-498.
El-Dahhar, A.A.E.; El-Ebiary, E-S.H.; Abdel-Rahim, M.M.; Refaee, W.M.A. & Lotfy, A.M.A. 2021. Stocking density effects on survival, growth performance, feed utilization, and carcass composition of meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) fingerlings reared in fibreglass tanks using underground salt water. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation- International Journal of the Bioflux Society 14(1): 495-505
Falahatkar, B.; Bagheri, M. & Efatpanah, I. 2019. The effect of stocking densities on growth performance and biochemical indices in new hybrid of Leuciscus aspius ♀ × Rutilus frisii ♂. Aquaculture Reports 15: 100207.
Fauji, H.; Budiardi, T. & Ekasari, J. 2018. Growth performance and robustness of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in biofloc-based nursery production with different stocking densities. Aquaculture Research, 49(3): 1339-1346.
Folch, J.; Lees, M. & Stanley, G.H.S. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 226: 497-509.
Froese, R. 2006. Cube law, condition factor and weight–length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22(4): 241-253
Gomes, L.C.; Baldisserotto, B. & Senhorini, J.A. 2000. Effect of stocking density on water quality, survival, and growth of larvae of the matrinxa, Brycon cephalus (Characidae) in ponds. Aquaculture 183: 73-81.
Keremah, R.I. & Amakiri, G. 2013. Proximate composition of nutrients in fresh adult catfishes: Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus in Yenagoa, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(4): 291-294.
Kim, P.B.; Klanian, M.G. & Seijo, J.C. 2020. Effect of size heterogeneity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on the optimal harvest time: a bioeconomics approach. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 4 8(1): 65-73.
Magouz, F.I.; Khalafalla, M.M.; Moustafa, E.M. & Sadek, A.S. 2019. The impact of different stocking denesities and dietary protein levels on the performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Slovenian Veterinary Research 56: 229-238.
Mansor, M.I; Basri, M.N.A.; Zawawi, M.I.; Yahya, K. & Nor, S.A.M. 2012. Length-weight relationships of some important estuarine fish species from Merbok Estuary, Kedah. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 2: 8-17
Mbiru, M.; Limbu, S.M.; Chenyambuga, S.W.; Lamtane, H.A.; Tamatamah, R.; Madalla, N.A. & Mwandya, A.W. 2016. Comparative performance of mixed-sex and hormonal-sex-reversed Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and Hybrids (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis urolepis hornorum) cultured in concrete tanks. Aquaculture International 24: 557–566.
Nike, F. 2016. Assessment of the Effects of Fish Density on Growth Rate of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 6(5): 567-570
Ojonugwa, E. B. & Solomon, R.J. 2017. Effects of over stocking on the growth rate of Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 2(3): 84-95.
Oké, V. & Goosen, N.J. 2019. The effect of stocking density on profitability of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture in extensive pond systems. Aquaculture 507: 385-392.
Qun, L.; Zhishuai, H.; Haishen, W.; Jifang, L.; Feng, H.; Jinhuan, W. & Qinglong, W. 2016. Effect of stocking density on water quality and (growth, body composition and plasma cortisol content) performance of pen-reared rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Ocean University of China 15: 667-675
Rafatnezhad, S.; Falahatkar, B. & Tolouei G.M.H. 2008. Effects of stocking density on haematological parameters, growth and fin erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. Aquaculture Research 39(14): 1506-1513.
Rayhan, Md. Z.; Rahman, Md.A.; Hossain, Md. A.; Akter, T. & Akter, T. 2018. Effect of stocking density on growth performance of monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Indian spinach (Basella Alba) in a recirculating aquaponic system. International Journal of Environment Agriculture and Biotechnology 3(2): 343-349
Saoud, I.P.; Ghanawi, J. & Lebbos, N. 2007. Effects of stocking density on the survival, growth, size variation and condition index of juvenile rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus. Aquaculture International 16: 109-116
Soedibya, P.H.T.; Pramono, T.B. & Listiowati, E. 2017. Growth performance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus cultured in biofloc system at high stocking density. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 16(2): 255.
Suárez, M.D.; García-gallego, M.; Trenzado, C.E.; Guil-guerrero, J.L. & Furné, M. 2014. Aquacultural Engineering Influence of dietary lipids and culture density on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) flesh composition and quality parameter. Aquacultural Engineering 63: 16-24.
Syandri, H.; Mardiah, A.; Azrita, and Aryani, N. 2020. Effect of Stocking Density on the Performance of Juvenile Gurami Sago (Osphronemus goramy) in the Synthetic Sheet Pond. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 52(2): 717-726.
Telli, G.S.; Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T.; Dias, D.C.; Sussel, F.R.; Ishikawa, C.M. & Tachibana, L. 2014. Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis on hematology and non-specific immunity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised at different stocking densities. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 39(2): 305-311.
Toko, I.; Fiogbe, E.D.; Koukpode, B. & Kestemont, P. 2007. Rearing of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and vundu catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) in traditional fish ponds (whedos): Effect of stocking density on growth, production and body composition. Aquaculture 262: 65-72.
Van de Nieuwegiessen, P.G.; Olwo, J.; Khong, S.; Verreth, J.A.J. & Schrama, J.W. 2009. Effects of age and stocking density on the welfare of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell. Aquaculture 288(1-2): 69-75.
References
Abou, Y. & Odountan, H.O. 2016. Effects of stocking density on growth, production and farming protability of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed chicken viscera-diet in earthen ponds. International Journal of Biosciences 9(6): 404-414.
Amos, A. 2013. Effects of stocking density on the production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in floating net cages on the Volta Lake. MPhil. Thesis, University Of Ghana, Legon. 126p.
AOAC. 2003. Official methods of analysis, 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, USA
APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environmental Federation, Washington DC.
Awawu, D. 2011. Effects of stocking density on production of Clarias gariepinus (Tuegels) juveniles in floating bamboo cages at kubanni reservior, zaria, nigeria. Ahmed Bello University.
Azaza, M.; Assad, A.; Maghrbi, W. & El-Cafsi, M. 2013. The effects of rearing density on growth, size heterogeneity and inter-individual variation of feed intake in monosex male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. Animal 7: 1865-1874.
Bosworth, B.; Ott, B. & Torrans, L. 2015. Effects of stocking density on production traits of channel Catfish × Blue catfish hybrids. North American Journal of Aquaculture 77(4): 437-443.
Chowdhury, M.A.; Roy, N.C. & Chowdhury, A. 2020. Growth, yield and economic returns of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) at different stocking densities under floodplain cage culture system. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 46(1): 91-95.
Dediu L.; Cristea V. & Xiaoshuan Z. 2012. Waste production and valorization in an integrated aquaponic system with bester and lettuce. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(9): 2349-2358.
Dediu, L.; Cristea, V.; Docan, A. & Vasilean, V. 2011. Evaluation of condition and technological performance of hybrid bester reared in standard and aquaponics system. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation- International Journal of the Bioflux Society 4(4):490-498.
El-Dahhar, A.A.E.; El-Ebiary, E-S.H.; Abdel-Rahim, M.M.; Refaee, W.M.A. & Lotfy, A.M.A. 2021. Stocking density effects on survival, growth performance, feed utilization, and carcass composition of meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) fingerlings reared in fibreglass tanks using underground salt water. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation- International Journal of the Bioflux Society 14(1): 495-505
Falahatkar, B.; Bagheri, M. & Efatpanah, I. 2019. The effect of stocking densities on growth performance and biochemical indices in new hybrid of Leuciscus aspius ♀ × Rutilus frisii ♂. Aquaculture Reports 15: 100207.
Fauji, H.; Budiardi, T. & Ekasari, J. 2018. Growth performance and robustness of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in biofloc-based nursery production with different stocking densities. Aquaculture Research, 49(3): 1339-1346.
Folch, J.; Lees, M. & Stanley, G.H.S. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 226: 497-509.
Froese, R. 2006. Cube law, condition factor and weight–length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22(4): 241-253
Gomes, L.C.; Baldisserotto, B. & Senhorini, J.A. 2000. Effect of stocking density on water quality, survival, and growth of larvae of the matrinxa, Brycon cephalus (Characidae) in ponds. Aquaculture 183: 73-81.
Keremah, R.I. & Amakiri, G. 2013. Proximate composition of nutrients in fresh adult catfishes: Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus in Yenagoa, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(4): 291-294.
Kim, P.B.; Klanian, M.G. & Seijo, J.C. 2020. Effect of size heterogeneity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on the optimal harvest time: a bioeconomics approach. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 4 8(1): 65-73.
Magouz, F.I.; Khalafalla, M.M.; Moustafa, E.M. & Sadek, A.S. 2019. The impact of different stocking denesities and dietary protein levels on the performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Slovenian Veterinary Research 56: 229-238.
Mansor, M.I; Basri, M.N.A.; Zawawi, M.I.; Yahya, K. & Nor, S.A.M. 2012. Length-weight relationships of some important estuarine fish species from Merbok Estuary, Kedah. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 2: 8-17
Mbiru, M.; Limbu, S.M.; Chenyambuga, S.W.; Lamtane, H.A.; Tamatamah, R.; Madalla, N.A. & Mwandya, A.W. 2016. Comparative performance of mixed-sex and hormonal-sex-reversed Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and Hybrids (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis urolepis hornorum) cultured in concrete tanks. Aquaculture International 24: 557–566.
Nike, F. 2016. Assessment of the Effects of Fish Density on Growth Rate of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 6(5): 567-570
Ojonugwa, E. B. & Solomon, R.J. 2017. Effects of over stocking on the growth rate of Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 2(3): 84-95.
Oké, V. & Goosen, N.J. 2019. The effect of stocking density on profitability of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture in extensive pond systems. Aquaculture 507: 385-392.
Qun, L.; Zhishuai, H.; Haishen, W.; Jifang, L.; Feng, H.; Jinhuan, W. & Qinglong, W. 2016. Effect of stocking density on water quality and (growth, body composition and plasma cortisol content) performance of pen-reared rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Ocean University of China 15: 667-675
Rafatnezhad, S.; Falahatkar, B. & Tolouei G.M.H. 2008. Effects of stocking density on haematological parameters, growth and fin erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. Aquaculture Research 39(14): 1506-1513.
Rayhan, Md. Z.; Rahman, Md.A.; Hossain, Md. A.; Akter, T. & Akter, T. 2018. Effect of stocking density on growth performance of monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Indian spinach (Basella Alba) in a recirculating aquaponic system. International Journal of Environment Agriculture and Biotechnology 3(2): 343-349
Saoud, I.P.; Ghanawi, J. & Lebbos, N. 2007. Effects of stocking density on the survival, growth, size variation and condition index of juvenile rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus. Aquaculture International 16: 109-116
Soedibya, P.H.T.; Pramono, T.B. & Listiowati, E. 2017. Growth performance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus cultured in biofloc system at high stocking density. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 16(2): 255.
Suárez, M.D.; García-gallego, M.; Trenzado, C.E.; Guil-guerrero, J.L. & Furné, M. 2014. Aquacultural Engineering Influence of dietary lipids and culture density on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) flesh composition and quality parameter. Aquacultural Engineering 63: 16-24.
Syandri, H.; Mardiah, A.; Azrita, and Aryani, N. 2020. Effect of Stocking Density on the Performance of Juvenile Gurami Sago (Osphronemus goramy) in the Synthetic Sheet Pond. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 52(2): 717-726.
Telli, G.S.; Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T.; Dias, D.C.; Sussel, F.R.; Ishikawa, C.M. & Tachibana, L. 2014. Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis on hematology and non-specific immunity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised at different stocking densities. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 39(2): 305-311.
Toko, I.; Fiogbe, E.D.; Koukpode, B. & Kestemont, P. 2007. Rearing of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and vundu catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) in traditional fish ponds (whedos): Effect of stocking density on growth, production and body composition. Aquaculture 262: 65-72.
Van de Nieuwegiessen, P.G.; Olwo, J.; Khong, S.; Verreth, J.A.J. & Schrama, J.W. 2009. Effects of age and stocking density on the welfare of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell. Aquaculture 288(1-2): 69-75.
Amos, A. 2013. Effects of stocking density on the production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in floating net cages on the Volta Lake. MPhil. Thesis, University Of Ghana, Legon. 126p.
AOAC. 2003. Official methods of analysis, 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, USA
APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environmental Federation, Washington DC.
Awawu, D. 2011. Effects of stocking density on production of Clarias gariepinus (Tuegels) juveniles in floating bamboo cages at kubanni reservior, zaria, nigeria. Ahmed Bello University.
Azaza, M.; Assad, A.; Maghrbi, W. & El-Cafsi, M. 2013. The effects of rearing density on growth, size heterogeneity and inter-individual variation of feed intake in monosex male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. Animal 7: 1865-1874.
Bosworth, B.; Ott, B. & Torrans, L. 2015. Effects of stocking density on production traits of channel Catfish × Blue catfish hybrids. North American Journal of Aquaculture 77(4): 437-443.
Chowdhury, M.A.; Roy, N.C. & Chowdhury, A. 2020. Growth, yield and economic returns of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) at different stocking densities under floodplain cage culture system. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 46(1): 91-95.
Dediu L.; Cristea V. & Xiaoshuan Z. 2012. Waste production and valorization in an integrated aquaponic system with bester and lettuce. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(9): 2349-2358.
Dediu, L.; Cristea, V.; Docan, A. & Vasilean, V. 2011. Evaluation of condition and technological performance of hybrid bester reared in standard and aquaponics system. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation- International Journal of the Bioflux Society 4(4):490-498.
El-Dahhar, A.A.E.; El-Ebiary, E-S.H.; Abdel-Rahim, M.M.; Refaee, W.M.A. & Lotfy, A.M.A. 2021. Stocking density effects on survival, growth performance, feed utilization, and carcass composition of meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) fingerlings reared in fibreglass tanks using underground salt water. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation- International Journal of the Bioflux Society 14(1): 495-505
Falahatkar, B.; Bagheri, M. & Efatpanah, I. 2019. The effect of stocking densities on growth performance and biochemical indices in new hybrid of Leuciscus aspius ♀ × Rutilus frisii ♂. Aquaculture Reports 15: 100207.
Fauji, H.; Budiardi, T. & Ekasari, J. 2018. Growth performance and robustness of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in biofloc-based nursery production with different stocking densities. Aquaculture Research, 49(3): 1339-1346.
Folch, J.; Lees, M. & Stanley, G.H.S. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 226: 497-509.
Froese, R. 2006. Cube law, condition factor and weight–length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22(4): 241-253
Gomes, L.C.; Baldisserotto, B. & Senhorini, J.A. 2000. Effect of stocking density on water quality, survival, and growth of larvae of the matrinxa, Brycon cephalus (Characidae) in ponds. Aquaculture 183: 73-81.
Keremah, R.I. & Amakiri, G. 2013. Proximate composition of nutrients in fresh adult catfishes: Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus in Yenagoa, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(4): 291-294.
Kim, P.B.; Klanian, M.G. & Seijo, J.C. 2020. Effect of size heterogeneity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on the optimal harvest time: a bioeconomics approach. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 4 8(1): 65-73.
Magouz, F.I.; Khalafalla, M.M.; Moustafa, E.M. & Sadek, A.S. 2019. The impact of different stocking denesities and dietary protein levels on the performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Slovenian Veterinary Research 56: 229-238.
Mansor, M.I; Basri, M.N.A.; Zawawi, M.I.; Yahya, K. & Nor, S.A.M. 2012. Length-weight relationships of some important estuarine fish species from Merbok Estuary, Kedah. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 2: 8-17
Mbiru, M.; Limbu, S.M.; Chenyambuga, S.W.; Lamtane, H.A.; Tamatamah, R.; Madalla, N.A. & Mwandya, A.W. 2016. Comparative performance of mixed-sex and hormonal-sex-reversed Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and Hybrids (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis urolepis hornorum) cultured in concrete tanks. Aquaculture International 24: 557–566.
Nike, F. 2016. Assessment of the Effects of Fish Density on Growth Rate of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 6(5): 567-570
Ojonugwa, E. B. & Solomon, R.J. 2017. Effects of over stocking on the growth rate of Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 2(3): 84-95.
Oké, V. & Goosen, N.J. 2019. The effect of stocking density on profitability of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture in extensive pond systems. Aquaculture 507: 385-392.
Qun, L.; Zhishuai, H.; Haishen, W.; Jifang, L.; Feng, H.; Jinhuan, W. & Qinglong, W. 2016. Effect of stocking density on water quality and (growth, body composition and plasma cortisol content) performance of pen-reared rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Ocean University of China 15: 667-675
Rafatnezhad, S.; Falahatkar, B. & Tolouei G.M.H. 2008. Effects of stocking density on haematological parameters, growth and fin erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. Aquaculture Research 39(14): 1506-1513.
Rayhan, Md. Z.; Rahman, Md.A.; Hossain, Md. A.; Akter, T. & Akter, T. 2018. Effect of stocking density on growth performance of monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Indian spinach (Basella Alba) in a recirculating aquaponic system. International Journal of Environment Agriculture and Biotechnology 3(2): 343-349
Saoud, I.P.; Ghanawi, J. & Lebbos, N. 2007. Effects of stocking density on the survival, growth, size variation and condition index of juvenile rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus. Aquaculture International 16: 109-116
Soedibya, P.H.T.; Pramono, T.B. & Listiowati, E. 2017. Growth performance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus cultured in biofloc system at high stocking density. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 16(2): 255.
Suárez, M.D.; García-gallego, M.; Trenzado, C.E.; Guil-guerrero, J.L. & Furné, M. 2014. Aquacultural Engineering Influence of dietary lipids and culture density on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) flesh composition and quality parameter. Aquacultural Engineering 63: 16-24.
Syandri, H.; Mardiah, A.; Azrita, and Aryani, N. 2020. Effect of Stocking Density on the Performance of Juvenile Gurami Sago (Osphronemus goramy) in the Synthetic Sheet Pond. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 52(2): 717-726.
Telli, G.S.; Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T.; Dias, D.C.; Sussel, F.R.; Ishikawa, C.M. & Tachibana, L. 2014. Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis on hematology and non-specific immunity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised at different stocking densities. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 39(2): 305-311.
Toko, I.; Fiogbe, E.D.; Koukpode, B. & Kestemont, P. 2007. Rearing of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and vundu catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) in traditional fish ponds (whedos): Effect of stocking density on growth, production and body composition. Aquaculture 262: 65-72.
Van de Nieuwegiessen, P.G.; Olwo, J.; Khong, S.; Verreth, J.A.J. & Schrama, J.W. 2009. Effects of age and stocking density on the welfare of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell. Aquaculture 288(1-2): 69-75.