Main Article Content

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the appropriate size of Caspian trout (Salmo caspius Kessler, 1877) juveniles for releasing into the rivers that enter south of the Caspian Sea for stock enhancement, or possibility of cage culture in the Caspian Sea. A total of 1611 specimens in 4 weight groups of 5, 10, 15 and 20g were exposed to 3 salinity trials which include Caspian Sea water (11- 11.5ppt), water of 7ppt salinity and freshwater (as control). Each trial was done in 3 replicates. The blood samples and tissue fixations were taken from juveniles of control group (in freshwater) and 3, 6, 12, 24, 72, 168 and 240 hrs after exposure of fish in different salinities to determine the dynamics of some parameters that can give characteristic of osmoregulatory process and morphological changes of organs that take part in osmoregulation. The results of osmolality and ions measuring concurrently showed that all weight groups can live in salinity of 7ppt and they maintain the osmolality and ion concentrations. In the Caspian Sea water, weight groups excluding 5g juveniles showed the same result. The number and size of gill chloride cells were not changed significantly (P>0.05) after 7 days of fish exposure in the Caspian Sea water and in water of 7ppt salinity for 5g juveniles, whereas within weight groups of 10, 15 and 20g in Caspian Sea water and groups of 15 and 20g in water of 7ppt salinity, the increase of chloride cells were observed (P<0.05). Na+, K+-ATPase activity in juveniles of 5g in the Caspian Sea water was low (4.3-6.1μmol Pi /mg protein/h) and this group was in parr stage. Exposure of 15 and 20g fish to the Caspian Sea water increased activity of Na+, K+-ATPase after 3hrs. The results show that under the salinity condition of the Caspian Sea, juvenile fish (≈10g) are able to survive and adjust functions of their organs. Increase in body size shows positive feedbacks thus release of Caspian trout juvenile at this weight for stock rehabilitation or future cage culture is feasible and exerts no negative impact on fish.

Keywords

Size Osmoregulation Chloride cell Na K -ATPase.

Article Details

How to Cite
SAYYAD BOURANI, M., ABTAHI, B., BAHMANI, M., & FALAHATKAR, B. (2015). The effect of size on osmoregulation ability, chloride cells and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in Salmo caspius Kessler, 1877 juveniles. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 2(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v2i2.60

References

    Abdolmalaki, S. & Sayyad Bourani, M. 2002. Bony fishes stock assessment in Iranian coastal region of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Fisheries Research Organization final report. (In Persian).
    American Public Health Association, 1989. American Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 17th edition. APHA, Washington DC.
    ASTM, 1989. American Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
    Boeuf, G. 1993. Salmonid smolting: a pre-adaptation to the oceanic environment. In: Rankin J.C. & Jensen F.B. (eds.), Fish Ecophysiology, Chapman and Hall, London. pp 105-135.
    Doumas, B.T. 1975. Standards for total serum protein assays- A collaborative study. Clinical Chemistry 21: 1159-1166.
    Eliassen, A.R.; Johnsen, H.K.; Mayer, I. & Jobling, M. 1998. Contrasts in osmoregulatory capacity of two Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), strains from northern Norway. Aquaculture 168: 255-269.
    Esmaeili, H.R.; Coad, B.W.; Gholamifard, A.; Nazari, N. & Teimory, A. 2010. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Iran. Zoosystematica Rossica 19: 361–386.
    Esmaeili, H.R.; Coad, B.W.; Mehraban, HR., Masoudi, M., Khaefi, R., Abbasi, K., Mostavavi, H. & Vatandoust, S. 2014. An updated checklist of fishes of the Caspian Sea basin of Iran with a note on their zoogeography. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(3): 152-184.
    Evans, D.H. 1998. The Physiology of Fishes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Washington D.C. pp. 157-177.
    Foskett, J.K.; Logsdon, C.D.; Turner, T.; Mochen, T.E. & Bern, H.A. 1981. Differentiation of the chloride cell extrusion mechanism during seawater adaptation of a teleost fish, the cichlid Sarothodon mossambicus. Journal of Experimental Biology 94: 209–224.
    Girling, P.; Purser, J. & Nowak, B. 2003. Effects of acute salinity and water quality changes on juvenile greenback flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina (Gunther, 1862). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 33: 1–16.
    Hansen, L.P. & Jonsson, B. 1989. Salmon ranching experiments in the River Imsa: effects of timing of Atlantic salmon smolt migration on survival to adults. Aquaculture 82: 367-373.
    Hiroi, J.; Kaneko, T. & Tanaka, M. 1999. In vivo sequential changes in chloride cell morphology in the yolk-sac membrane of Mozambique tilapia embryos and larvae during seawater adaptation. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 3485-3495.
    Hoar, W.S. 1988. The physiology of smolting salmonids. In: Hoar W.S. & Randall D.J. (eds), Fish physiology, Vol.11B, Academic Press: San Diego, CA. pp. 275-343.
    Krayushkina, L.S. 2005. Evolution of mechanisms of osmotic and ionic regulation in a number of Acipenserids. In ‘Proceeding 5th International Symposium on Sturgeon, Ramsar, Iran, 19-23 May 2005’. pp. 179–182.
    Krayushkina, L.S.; Semenova, O.G. & Vyushina, A.V. 2005. Level of serum cortisol and Na+, K+-ATPase activity of gills and kidneys in different species of Acipenserids. In ‘Proceeding 5th International Symposium on Sturgeon, Ramsar, Iran, 19-23 May 2005’. pp. 183-186.
    Krayushkina, L.S.; Stepanov, Y.I.; Semenova, O.G. & Panov, A.A. 1995. Osmoregulatory system of juvenile Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in river and marine life. Journal of Ichthyology 35: 143-152.
    Krayushkina, L.S.; Panov, A.A.; Gerasimov, A.A. & Potts, W.T.W. 1999. Changes in sodium, calcium and magnesium ion concentrations in sturgeon (Huso huso) urine and in kidney morphology. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systematic, and Environmental Physiology 165: 527-533.
    Laird, L.M. & Needham, T. 1988. Salmon and trout farming. Ellis Horwood Ltd. Chichester, pp. 87-116.
    Langdon, J.S.; Thorpe, J.E. & Roberts, R.J. 1984. Effects of cortisol and ACTH on gill Na+, K+-ATPase, SDH and chloride cells in juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 77A: 9-12.
    Laurent, P. & Hebebi, N. 1989. Gill morphometry and fish osmoregulation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 3055-3063.
    Lundqvist, H. & Eriksson, L.O. 1985. Annual rhythms of swimming behaviour and seawater adaptation in young Baltic salmon, Salmo salar, associated with smolting. Environmental Biology of Fishes 14: 259-267.
    Maetz, J. 1971. Fish gills: mechanisms of salt transfer in fresh water and sea water. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 262: 209-249.
    McCormick, S.D. 2001. Endocrine control of osmoregulation in teleost fish. American Zoology 41: 781-794.
    McCormick, S.D. & Naiman, R.J. 1984. Osmoregulation in the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. 2. Effects of size, age and photoperiod on seawater survival and ionic regulation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 79A: 17-28.
    McCormick, S.D. & Saunders, R.L. 1987. Preparatory physiological adaptations for marine life of salmonids: osmoregulation, growth, and metabolism. Common strategies of anadromous and catadromous fishes. American Fisheries Society Symposium 1: 211-229.
    McCormick, S.D.; Saunders, R.L. & MacIntyre, A.D. 1988. Mitochondrial enzyme and Na+, K+-ATPase activity and ion regulation during parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 6: 231-241.
    Naseka, A.M. & Bogutskaya, N.G. 2009. Fishes of the Caspian Sea: zoogeography and updated check-list. Zoosystematica Rossica 18(2): 295-317.
    Peterson, G.L. 1973. A simplified method for analysis of inorganic phosphate in presence of interfering substances. Analytical Biochemistry 84: 164-172.
    Seidelin, M.S.; Madsen, H.; Blenstrup, C. & Tipsmark, C.K. 1999. Time-course changes in the expression of Na+, K+-ATPase in gills and pyloric caeca of brown trout (Salmo trutta) during acclimation to seawater. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73: 446-453.
    Silva, P.; Solomon, R.; Spokes, K. & Epstein, F. 1977. Ouabain inhibition of gill Na+, K+-ATPase: relationship to active chloride transport. Journal of Experimental Zoology 199: 419-426.
    Uchida, K.; Kaneko, K.; Yamauchi, K. & Hirano, T. 1996. Morphometrical analysis of chloride cell activity in the gill filaments & lamellae and changes in Na+, K+-ATPase activity during seawater adaptation in chum salmon fry. Journal of Experimental Zoology 276: 193-200.
    Ugedal, O.B.; Finstad, B.; Damsgard, B. & Mortensen, A. 1998. Seawater tolerance and downstream migration in hatchery-reared and wild brown trout. Aquaculture 168(1): 395-405
    Wagner, H.H. 1974. Seawater adaptation independent of photoperiod in steelhead trout. Canadian Journal of Zoology 52: 805-812.
    Zaugg, W.S. 1982. A simplified preparation for adenosine triphosphate determination in gill tissue. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 39: 215-217.
    Zaugg, W.S. & Beckman, B.R. 1989. Saltwater-induced decreases in weight and length relative to seasonal gill Na+, K+-ATPase changes in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): a test for saltwater adaptability. Aquaculture 86: 19-23.