Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper describes combined effects of intestinal parasite infestation and extrinsic stress on the host gross energy in Malapterurus electricus host-parasite system. Eighty (80) fish samples were procured from the Lekki lagoon, Nigeria. Condition factors, organosomatic indices and hepatic glycogen of the individuals were estimated/measured. Infection status and median condition (K<1.4 and K>1.4) of M. electricus were used in grouping the individuals. Histological alterations of the intestines were also observed and scored for Gut-pathological Alteration Index (GAI). Infested individuals harbor Electrotaenia malopteruri (a cestode) and Procamallanus longus (a nematode). Non-infested individuals of low condition factor had the lowest hepatic glycogen; Mean±SD, 6.59±7.02mg/dl, infested individuals; Mean±SD, 18.94±11.18mg/dl, P<0.05, while individuals of high condition factor had higher hepatic glycogen level; infested, Mean±SD, 20.48±34.55mg/dl, non-infested, Mean±SD, 20.69±17.45mg/dl, P<0.01. Individuals of low condition factor had parasite load; E. malopteruri (0.24) and P. longus (0.29), while high condition individuals had; E. malopteruri (0.42) and P. longus (0.47). The infested individuals of high condition factors had the highest mean body weight, gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatic triglycerides, cholesterone and low density lipids (LDL). Infested individuals of low condition factor had higher gut-pathological alteration index (GAI, 16.0) compared with high condition individuals (GAI, 8.0). These individuals had from mild to severe ulceration of the mucosa and congestion of the blood vessels. They also had one of the highest HSI, Mean±SD, 2.20±1.31, P>0.01 but the lowest GSI, Mean±SD, 4.80±2.9, P>0.01. These individuals depleted almost all their hepatic glycogen and signified reduced reproductive potential but had the highest hepatic energy influx to tissues for cellular metabolism. Parasite infestation and extrinsic stresses have significant impact on host gross energy content. Understanding the physiological mechanism in these stress interactions in the host is highly essential.
Keywords
Physiological Stress
Fulton’s condition factor
Gut-pathological Alteration Index
Organosomatic indices.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
UKWA, U. D., SALIU, J. K., & OSIBONA, A. O. (2018). Combined effects of intestinal parasite infestation and extrinsic stress on the host gross energy in Malapterurus electricus (Teleostei: Malapteruridae) host-parasite system in the Lekki Lagoon, Nigeria. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 5(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v5i1.231
References
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Henry, R.J. 1964. Colorimetric determination of total protein. In: Clinical chemistry. Harper and Row Publishing press, New York. 181 p.
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References
Adams, S.M. 1999. Ecological role of lipids in the health and success of fish populations, In: Arts, M.T. & Wainman, B.C. (eds), Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 132-160.
Akinsanya, B.; Ukwa, U.D.; Kuton, M.P. & Saliu, J.K. 2015a. Parasite load, condition factor, and heavy metal accumulation as multiple stressors on fish with public health significance in Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Public and Allied Health Sciences (1): 21-33.
Aknsanya, B.; Kuton, M.P.; Oyebola, L.; Saliu, J.K. & Ukwa, U.D. 2015b. Condition factor and Gastro-intestinal Parasites of fish as indicators of stress in Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Science (E-Medical Entomology and Parasitology 7: 1-13.
Al-Jahdali, M.O. & El-S Hassanine, R.M. 2010. Ovarian abnormality in a pathological case caused by Myxidium sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) in one spot snapper fish Lutjanus monostigma (Teleostei, Lutjanidae) from the Red Sea. Acta Parasitologica 55: 1-7.
Amber, K.P.; Michael L.J.; Dale, C.H. & James, R.B. 2007. Monitoring energetic status of lake Michigan Chinook Salmon using water content as a predictor of whole fish lipid content. Journal of Great Lake Resource 33: 253-263.
Arme, C. & Owen, R.W. 1967. Infections of 3-Spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. with plerocercoid larvae of Schistocephalus solidus (Miller, 1776) with special reference to pathological effects. Parasitology 57: 301-304.
Andu, A.K. & Kangur, P. 1996. The Condition, length and age distribution of pikeperch Hydrobiologica 338: 179-183.
Azmat, R.; Talat, R. & Ahmed, K. 2007. The length–weight relationship. Condition factor and impact of fluoride concentration in Johnius belangerii of Arabian Sea. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology 1(3): 138-143.
Bagamian, K.H.; Hein, D.C. & Baker, J.A. 2004. Body condition and reproductive capacity of three-spined stickleback infected with the cestode Schistocephalus solidus. Journal of fish Biology 51: 654-658.
Barber, I. & Svensson, P.A. 2003. Effects of experimental Schistocephalus solidus infections on growth, morphology and sexual development of female three‐spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Parasitology 126: 359-367.
Bayne, B.L. & Newell, R.C. 1983. Physiological energetics of marine molluscs. In: Sa1euddin, A.S.M. & Mi1bur M.K. (eds), the Mollusca. Vol. 4, Physiology. Part. 7. Academic Press, New York. pp. 407-515.
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Benson, W.H. & Birge, W.J. 1985. Heavy metal tolerance and metalothionein induction in fathead minnows; Results from Field and Laboratory investigations. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 4: 209-217.
Brand, T.V. 1952. Chemical physiology of endoparasitic animals. Academic Press, NewYork. 339 p.
Buchmann, K. & Lindenstrøm, T. 2002. Interactions between monogenean parasites and their fish from Ibero-Atlantic waters. Journal of Fish Diseases 28: 125-132.
Bush, A.O.; Ferna´ndez, J.C.; Esch, G.W. & Seed, R. 2001. Parasitism: The Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Campbell, P.; Hontela A.; Rasmussen J.B.; Giguere A.; Gravel, A.; Kraemer, L.; Kovesces, J.; Lacroix A.; Levesque, H. & Sherwood, G. 2003. Differentiating between direct (physiological) and food-chain mediated (bioenergetics) effects on fish in metal-impacted lakes. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 9-84.
Williamson, A.L. 2003. Free amino acid or smallpeptides absorbed across the gut lumen. Haemolysis (e.g undefined membrane proteins in A.caninum and H.cantortus. Trends in Parasitology 19: 9-15.
Chrousos, G.P. 1998. Stressors, stress and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response: the 1997 Hans Selye memorial lecture. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 851: 311-335.
Dick, E.J. 2009. Modelling the reproductive potential of Rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) PhD Thesis. Department of Ocean Science. University of California, USA. 256 p.
Doyon, S.F.; Downing, J.A. & Magnin, E. 1988. Variation in the condition of Northern pike, Esox Lucius. Canadian Journal of Fish Aquatic Culture Science 45: 479-483.
Friedmann, A.S.; Costain, E.K.; MacLatchy, D.L.; Stansley, W. & Washuta, E.J. 2002. Effects of mercury on general and reproductive health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from three lakes in New Jersey. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety 52: 117-122.
Folt, C.L.; Chen, C.Y.; Moore, M.V. & Burnaford, J. 1999. Synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors. Limnology and Oceanography 44: 864-877.
Giulio, R.T. & Hinton D.E. 2008. The Toxicology of Fishes. First edition. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton. 1071 p.
Hasan, H.A. & Secer, S. 2003. Width length–weight relationship of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) population living in Beymelek Lagoon Lake Turkish Journal Veterinary and Animal Science 27: 443-442.
Henry, R.J. 1964. Colorimetric determination of total protein. In: Clinical chemistry. Harper and Row Publishing press, New York. 181 p.
Hecker, M. & Karbe, L. 2005. Parasitism in fish-an endocrine modulator of ecological relevance? Aquatic Toxicology 72: 195-207.
Heins, D.C. & Baker, J.A. 2008. Reduction of egg size in natural populations of three spine stickleback infected with a cestode macroparasites. Journal of Parasitology 89: 1-6.
Heins, D.C.; Singer, S.S. & Baker, J.A. 1999. Virulence of the cestode Schistocephalus solidus and reproduction in infected threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 1967-1974.
Hilmy, A.M.; Domiaty, N.A.; Daabees, A.Y. & Abdel Latife, H.A. 1987. Some physiological and biochemical indices of zinc toxicity in two freshwater fishes, Clarias lazera and Tilapia zilli. Comprehensive Biochemical Physiology 87: 297-301.
Knudsen, R.; Amundsen, P.A.; Jobling, M. & Klemetsen, A. 2009. Differences in pyloric caeca morphology between Arctic char Salvelinus alpines ecotypes: adaptation to trophic specialization or parasite-induced phenotypic modifications? Journal of Fish Biology 73: 275-287.
Kuton, M.P.; Akinsanya, B.; Ukwa, U.D. & Saliu J.K. 2015. Relevance of Intestinal Parasites of Parachanna obscura and Sarotherodon melanotheron on Host Metal Accumulation in Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria.Unilag Journal of Medicine, Science and Technology 2: 116-125.
Lafferty, K.D. 1997. Environmental parasitology: what can parasites tell us about human impacts on the environment? Parasitology Today 13: 251-255.
Lafferty, K.D. 2008. Ecosystem consequences of fish parasites. Journal of Fish Biology 73: 2083-2093.
Le Cren, E.D. 1951. The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch Perca fluviatilis. Journal of Animal Ecology 20: 201-219.
Lizama, M., Delos, A.P. & Ambrosio, P. 2002. Condition factor in nine species of fish of the characidae family in the upper Parana River flood plain Brazil. Brazil Journal of Biology 62: 1519-1526.
Lohner, T.W.; Reash R.J.; Willet V.E. & Rose L.A. 2001. Assessment of tolerant sunfish populations (Lepomis sp.) inhabiting selenium-laden coal ash effluents.1.Hematological and population level assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 50: 203-216.
Marcogliese, D.J. 2005. Parasites of the super organism: are they indicators of ecosystem health? International Journal of Parasitology 35: 705-716.
Marcogliese, D.J.; Gendron, A.D.; Plante, C.; Fournier, M. & Cyr, D. 2006. Parasites of spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) in the St. Lawrence River: effects of municipal effluents and habitat. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84: 1461-1481.
Maxwell, L.B. & Dutta, H.M. 2005. Diacinon induced endocrine disruption in sole gill sun fish Lepomis macrochirus. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 60: 21-27.
McPhail, J.D. & Peacock, S.D. 1983. Some effects of the cestode (Schistocephalus solidus) on reproduction in the threespined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): Evolutionary aspects of a host‐parasite interaction. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 901-908.
Metcalfe, N.B. 1986. Intra specific variation in competitive ability and food intake in salmonids—consequences for energy budgets and growth rates. Journal of Fish Biology 28: 525-531.
Mishra, V.P.; King, R.H.M.; Harding, A.E.; Muddle J.R. & Thomas, P.K. 1991. Peripheral neuropathy in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Acta Neuropathy 81: 354-358.
Munkittrick, K.R. & Dixon P.G. 1988. Growth, fecundity, and energy stores of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) from lakes containing elevated levels of copper and zinc. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45: 1355-1365.
Paperna, T. 1996. Parasites, infections and disease of fishes in Africa and update CIFA Technical Paper. 220 p.
Pampoulie, C.; Morand, S.; Lambert, A.; Rosecchi, E.; Bouchereau, J.L. & Crivelli, A.J. 1999. Influence of the trematode Aphalloıdes coelomicola Dollfus, Chabaud and Golvan, 1957 on the fecundity and survival of Pomatoschistus microps (Kroyer, 1838) (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Parasitology 119:61-67.
Pearse, A.G.E. 1968. Histochemistry. Theoretical and applied. 2nd Edition, Little Brown and Company, Boston, MSS.
Pennycuick, L. 1971. Quantitative effects of 3 species of parasiteson a population of three spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Journal of Zoology 165: 143-162.
Ronald, W.G. & Bruce, A.B. 1990. Organosomic indices and an autopsy based assessment as indicators of health condition of fish. American Fisheries Society 8: 93-108.
Rushbrook, B.J. & Barber, I. 2006. Nesting, courtship and kidney hypertrophy in Schistocephalus-infected male three spined stickleback from an upland lake. Journal of fish Biology 69: 870-882.
Tierney, J.F; Huntingford, F.A. & Crompton D.W.T. 1996. Body composition and reproductive status in stickleback exposed to a single wave of Schistocephalus solidus infection. Journal of fish Biology 49: 483-493.
Saliu, J.K.; Akinsanya, B.; Ukwa, U.D.; Odozie, J. & Ganiu, Y. 2014. Host condition, parasite interaction and metal accumulation in Tilapia guineensis from Iddo area of Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1: 286-295.
Saliu, J.K.; Oluberu, S.A.; Akpoke, I.I. & Ukwa, U.D. 2017. Cortisol stress response and histopathological alteration index in Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Qua Iboe crude oil and Rig wash. African Journal of Aquatic Science 42: 55-64.
Schmitt, C.I. & Dethloff, G.M. 2000. Biomonitoring of environmental status and trends (BEST) program: Selected methods for monitoring chemical contaminants and their effects in aquatic ecosystem. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Columbia, (MO): Information and Technological Report. 81 p.
Seifter, S.; Dayton, S.; Novic, B. & Muntmyler, E. 1950. Estimation of glycogen with the anthrone reagent, Archive of Biochemistry 25: 291-295.
Smith, J.D. 1994. Introduction to animal parasitology. 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 572 p.
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