Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the variation in diversity and abundance of food items in Hemibagrus punctatus in relation to season and also to assess its food preference and feeding behaviour which may reflect the availability of prey items in upstream and downstream areas of Hogenakkal area under the Cauvery river systems. Through its stomach content analysis, the fish has been found to be omnivorous and euryphagous, with only a few qualitative differences in the diet. Feeding rate was found to vary in relation to monsoon caused environmental changes during the course of a year. Among the wide variety of prey consumed, juvenile fishes (39.88%) formed an important dietary component. The next major food group was insects (19.50%) followed by diatoms (11.54%), green algae (8.40%), crustaceans (7.29%), blue green algae (3.98%), plant matter (2.79%), worms (2.71%), copepods (1.33%), cladocerans (1.33%), and mollusks (1.33%). All the food items of this fish (% of food- composition) was found vary in monthly. The present findings would facilitate the examination of complex food and feeding regimes of fishes and would help identify the groups of species that use similar resources within a specific community and could also serve as a reference database for feeding ecology of fishes in highly impacted tropical habitats.
Keywords
Siluriformes
Feeding ecology
Abundance
Preference
Tropical habitats.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
RAJA, M., & PERUMAL, P. (2018). Food and feeding habits of critically endangered bagrid catfish Hemibagrus punctatus (Jerdon, 1862) (Teleostei: Bagridae) in the Cauvery River, South India. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 5(2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v5i2.260
References
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Ali, A.; Dahanukar, N.; Kanagavel, A.; Philip S. & Raghavan, R. 2013. Records of the endemic and threatened catfish, Hemibagrus punctatus from the southern Western Ghats with notes on its distribution, ecology and conservation status. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(11): 4569-4578.
Begum, M.; Alam, M.J.; Islam, M.A. & Pal, H.K. 2008. On the food and feeding habitat of an estuarine catfish Mystus gulio (Hamilton) in the south-west coast of Bangladesh. University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 27: 55-62.
Bhatt, V.S. 1971a. Studies on the biology of some freshwater fishes. Part V. Mystus vittatus (Bloch). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 68: 32-34.
Bhatt, V.S. 1971b. Studies on the biology of some freshwater fishes. Part VI. Mystus cavasius (Ham.). Hydrobiologia 38: 289-302.
Bhatt, V.S. 1970. Studies on the biology of some freshwater fishes. Part IV. Mystus seenghala (Sykes). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 67: 194-211.
Bhuiyan, A.S. & Islam, M.N. 1991. Observation on the food and feeding habit of Ompok pabda (Ham.) from the river Padma (Siluridae: Cypriniformes). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 23(1): 75-77.
Bhuiyan, A.S.; Islam, M.N. & Islam, M.S. 1994. Seasonal pattern of food and feeding habit of Rhinomugil corsula (Ham.) from the river Padma. Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 13: 25-29.
Bhuiyan, A.S.; Islam, M.N. & Sultana, N. 1992. Food and feeding habit of Aspidoparia morar (Ham.) from the river Padma. University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 10-11: 71-76.
Bhuiyan, A.S.; Nessa, Q. & Hossain, M.D. 1999. Seasonal pattern of feeding grey mullet Mugil cephalus (L.) (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) Pakistan Journal of Zoology 31(3): 295-297.
Biju, C.R. 2005. Habitat and Distribution of Hill stream Fishes of Northern Kerala (north of Palghat Gap). PhD Thesis, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India.
Bleeker, P.P. 1862. Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandais. Publié sous les Auspices du Gouvenement Colonial Néêrlandais. J. Smith and Gide, Amsterdam.
Branco, M.A.C.; Arruda, M.A. & Gamito, S. 2010. Feeding habits of Solea senegalensis in earthen ponds in Sado estuary. Journal of Sea Research 64(4): 446-450.
Chetri, M. 2006. Diet analysis of Gaur, Bos gaurus gaurus (Smith, 1827) by Micro-histological Analysis of Fecal samples in Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Our Nature 4: 20-28.
Costa, H.H. & Fernando, E.C.M. 1967. The food and feeding relationship of the common meso and macro-fauna of the Maha Oya, a small mountainous stream at Peradeniya, Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science 7: 74-90.
Dahanukar, N.; Raut, R. & Bhat, A. 2004. Distribution, endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of Biogeography 31(1): 123-136.
Day, F. 1867. On the fishes of the Neilgherry Hills and rivers around their bases. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (2): 281-302.
Day, F. 1878. The fishes of India; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon. Part 4: 553-779.
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. 2017. Fish Base. World Wide Web Electronic Publication. www.fishbase.org, Version (10/2017). accessed 01 December 2017.
Gerking, S.D. 1994. Feeding ecology of fish. Academic Press, California.
Hajisamae, S.; Chou, L.M. & Ibrahim, S. 2003. Feeding habits and trophic organization of the fish community in shallow waters of an impacted tropical habitat. Estuary Coast Shellfish Science 58: 89-98.
Herder, F. & Freyhof, J. 2006. Resource partitioning in a tropical stream fish assemblage. Journal of Fish Biology 69(2): 571-589.
Hossain, M.A.; Parween, S.; Taleb, A. & Rahman, M.H. 1990. Food and feeding habitat of Notopterus notopterus (Pallas). University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 9: 1-6.
Hynes, H.B.N. 1950. On the food of the freshwater sticklebacks (Gastrosteus aculeatus and Pygosteus pungitius) with a review of the methods used in the study of food fishes. Journal of Animal Ecology 19: 36-58.
Idodo-Umeh, G. 2002. The feeding ecology of bagrid species in river Ase, Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology 11: 47-68.
Jerdon, T.C. 1849. On the freshwater fishes of southern India. (Continued from p. 149.). Madras Journal of Literature and Science 15(2): 302–346.
Johnson, J.A. 1999. Diversity and ecological structure of fishes in selected streams/rivers in Western Ghats. Ph.D. thesis, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.
Karod, S.A. & Radhakrishnan, C.K. 2010. Food and feeding habitats of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) from the Brahmaputra River system, Assam. Indian Journal of Fisheries 43(1): 97-101.
Khallaf, E.A.; Galal, M. & Authmam, M. 2003. The biology of Oreochromis niloticus in a polluted canal. Ecotoxicology 12: 405-416.
Khan, M.S.; Ambak, M.A. & Mohsin, A.K.M. 1988. Food and feeding biology of a tropical freshwater catfish, Mystus nemurus (C&V) with reference to functional morphology. Indian Journal of Fisheries 35: 78-84.
Krebs C.J. 1989. Ecological methodology. Harper & Row, New York.
Krebs, C.J. 1999. Ecological methodology. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park.
Kumar, D. & Roy, S.P. 2009. Food and feeding habits of some representative fishes of different tropic guilds of Kharagpur Lake with a note of their role in energy harvest. The Ecoscan 3(1 and 2): 169-176.
Manon, M.R. & Hossain, M.D. 2011. Food and feeding habit of Cyprinus carpio var. Specularis. Journal of Science Foundation 9(1 and 2): 163-181.
Menon, A.G.K. 1999. Check list - fresh water fishes of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper No. 175: 1-366.
Mirza, M.R. & Ahmad, K. 1981. Seasonal variation in the food and feeding habits of the catfish Mystus bleekeri (Day, 1977). Biologia 27(1): 1-13.
Mohammad, A. & Kannan, N. 2009. Aspects of growth, reproduction and feeding habit of these pomacentrid fish from Gulf of Aqaba Jordan. Jordon Journal of Biological Science 2: 119-128.
Ng, H.H. & C.J. Ferraris Jr. 2000. A review of the genus Hemibagrus in southern Asia, with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 52(11): 125-142.
Ng, H.H. & Kottelat, M. 2013. Revision of the Asian catfish genus Hemibagrus Bleeker 1862 (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Bagridae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61(1): 205-291.
Olojo, E.A.A.; Olurin, K.B. & Osikoya, O.J. 2003. Food and feeding habits of Synodontis nigrita from Osun River, S.W. Nigeria. NAGA 26: 21-24.
Pandey, K.C. 1983. Concepts of Indian Fisheries. K. Nath and Co., Meerut.
Pandian, T.J. 1971. Feeding and reproductive cycles of the fish Mystus gulio in the Cooum backwater, Madras. Indian Journal of Fisheries 12(1 and 2): 32-33.
Pianka, E.R. 1969. Sympatry of desert lizards (Ctenotus) in Western Australia. Ecology 50: 1012-1030.
Raghavan, R. & Ali, A. 2011. Hemibagrus punctatus. In: IUCN 2017. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.2. www.iucnredlist.org (accessed on 01 December 2017).
Rajan, S. 1955. Notes on a collection of fish from the headwaters of the Bhavani River, South India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 53: 44-48.
Reddy, Y.S. & Rao, M.B. 1987. A note on the food of Mystus vittatus (Bloch) from the highly polluted Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad. Indian Journal of Fisheries 34(4): 484-87.
Reddy, Y.S. & Rao, M.B. 1993. A note on the food of Mystus vittatus (Bloch) from the highly polluted Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad. Indian Journal Fisheries 34(4): 484-487.
Ross, S.T. 1986. Resources partitioning in fish assemblages: a review of field study. Copeia 352-388.
Saigal, B.N. 1967. Studies on the fishery and biology of commercial catfishes of the Ganga river system. Indian Journal Fisheries 11: 1-44.
Sandipan, G. & Samir, B. 2016. A note on Clupisoma garua (Hamilton, 1822), a freshwater catfish of Indian subcontinent (Teleostei: Siluriformes). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3(2): 150-154.
Santhanakumar, G. & Job, S.V. 1984. Feeding biology of Mystus keletius (Valen). Matsya (9-10): 25-32.
Saroj Kumar, G. & Padmanabha, C. 2016. Comparative studies on histology and histochemistry of pancreas between Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) and Mystus gulio (Hamilton, 1822) Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3(4): 251-265.
Schoener, T.W. 1985. Some comments on Connell’s and my reviews of field experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist 125: 730-740.
Shrivastava, S. 1993. Food and feeding analysis of catfish from Kshipra River. In: Rao, K.S. (ed). Recent Advances in Freshwater Biology, Vol. 2. Anmol Publishers, New Delhi, pp.113-122.
Vinci, G.K. 1986. Biology of Mystus seenghala (Sykes) from Nagarjuna sagar reservoir, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Animal Science 56: 814-822.
Welcomme, R.L. 1979. Fisheries Ecology of Flood Plain Rivers. London: Longman.
Wootton, R.J. 1990. Ecology of Teleost Fishes. London: Chapman & Hall.
Yánez-Arancibia, A. & Nugent, R. 1977. El papel ecológico de los peces en estuarios y lagunas costeras. Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 4: 107-117.
References
Ali, A.; Dahanukar, N.; Kanagavel, A.; Philip S. & Raghavan, R. 2013. Records of the endemic and threatened catfish, Hemibagrus punctatus from the southern Western Ghats with notes on its distribution, ecology and conservation status. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(11): 4569-4578.
Begum, M.; Alam, M.J.; Islam, M.A. & Pal, H.K. 2008. On the food and feeding habitat of an estuarine catfish Mystus gulio (Hamilton) in the south-west coast of Bangladesh. University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 27: 55-62.
Bhatt, V.S. 1971a. Studies on the biology of some freshwater fishes. Part V. Mystus vittatus (Bloch). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 68: 32-34.
Bhatt, V.S. 1971b. Studies on the biology of some freshwater fishes. Part VI. Mystus cavasius (Ham.). Hydrobiologia 38: 289-302.
Bhatt, V.S. 1970. Studies on the biology of some freshwater fishes. Part IV. Mystus seenghala (Sykes). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 67: 194-211.
Bhuiyan, A.S. & Islam, M.N. 1991. Observation on the food and feeding habit of Ompok pabda (Ham.) from the river Padma (Siluridae: Cypriniformes). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 23(1): 75-77.
Bhuiyan, A.S.; Islam, M.N. & Islam, M.S. 1994. Seasonal pattern of food and feeding habit of Rhinomugil corsula (Ham.) from the river Padma. Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 13: 25-29.
Bhuiyan, A.S.; Islam, M.N. & Sultana, N. 1992. Food and feeding habit of Aspidoparia morar (Ham.) from the river Padma. University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 10-11: 71-76.
Bhuiyan, A.S.; Nessa, Q. & Hossain, M.D. 1999. Seasonal pattern of feeding grey mullet Mugil cephalus (L.) (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) Pakistan Journal of Zoology 31(3): 295-297.
Biju, C.R. 2005. Habitat and Distribution of Hill stream Fishes of Northern Kerala (north of Palghat Gap). PhD Thesis, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India.
Bleeker, P.P. 1862. Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandais. Publié sous les Auspices du Gouvenement Colonial Néêrlandais. J. Smith and Gide, Amsterdam.
Branco, M.A.C.; Arruda, M.A. & Gamito, S. 2010. Feeding habits of Solea senegalensis in earthen ponds in Sado estuary. Journal of Sea Research 64(4): 446-450.
Chetri, M. 2006. Diet analysis of Gaur, Bos gaurus gaurus (Smith, 1827) by Micro-histological Analysis of Fecal samples in Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Our Nature 4: 20-28.
Costa, H.H. & Fernando, E.C.M. 1967. The food and feeding relationship of the common meso and macro-fauna of the Maha Oya, a small mountainous stream at Peradeniya, Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science 7: 74-90.
Dahanukar, N.; Raut, R. & Bhat, A. 2004. Distribution, endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of Biogeography 31(1): 123-136.
Day, F. 1867. On the fishes of the Neilgherry Hills and rivers around their bases. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (2): 281-302.
Day, F. 1878. The fishes of India; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon. Part 4: 553-779.
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. 2017. Fish Base. World Wide Web Electronic Publication. www.fishbase.org, Version (10/2017). accessed 01 December 2017.
Gerking, S.D. 1994. Feeding ecology of fish. Academic Press, California.
Hajisamae, S.; Chou, L.M. & Ibrahim, S. 2003. Feeding habits and trophic organization of the fish community in shallow waters of an impacted tropical habitat. Estuary Coast Shellfish Science 58: 89-98.
Herder, F. & Freyhof, J. 2006. Resource partitioning in a tropical stream fish assemblage. Journal of Fish Biology 69(2): 571-589.
Hossain, M.A.; Parween, S.; Taleb, A. & Rahman, M.H. 1990. Food and feeding habitat of Notopterus notopterus (Pallas). University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 9: 1-6.
Hynes, H.B.N. 1950. On the food of the freshwater sticklebacks (Gastrosteus aculeatus and Pygosteus pungitius) with a review of the methods used in the study of food fishes. Journal of Animal Ecology 19: 36-58.
Idodo-Umeh, G. 2002. The feeding ecology of bagrid species in river Ase, Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology 11: 47-68.
Jerdon, T.C. 1849. On the freshwater fishes of southern India. (Continued from p. 149.). Madras Journal of Literature and Science 15(2): 302–346.
Johnson, J.A. 1999. Diversity and ecological structure of fishes in selected streams/rivers in Western Ghats. Ph.D. thesis, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.
Karod, S.A. & Radhakrishnan, C.K. 2010. Food and feeding habitats of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) from the Brahmaputra River system, Assam. Indian Journal of Fisheries 43(1): 97-101.
Khallaf, E.A.; Galal, M. & Authmam, M. 2003. The biology of Oreochromis niloticus in a polluted canal. Ecotoxicology 12: 405-416.
Khan, M.S.; Ambak, M.A. & Mohsin, A.K.M. 1988. Food and feeding biology of a tropical freshwater catfish, Mystus nemurus (C&V) with reference to functional morphology. Indian Journal of Fisheries 35: 78-84.
Krebs C.J. 1989. Ecological methodology. Harper & Row, New York.
Krebs, C.J. 1999. Ecological methodology. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park.
Kumar, D. & Roy, S.P. 2009. Food and feeding habits of some representative fishes of different tropic guilds of Kharagpur Lake with a note of their role in energy harvest. The Ecoscan 3(1 and 2): 169-176.
Manon, M.R. & Hossain, M.D. 2011. Food and feeding habit of Cyprinus carpio var. Specularis. Journal of Science Foundation 9(1 and 2): 163-181.
Menon, A.G.K. 1999. Check list - fresh water fishes of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper No. 175: 1-366.
Mirza, M.R. & Ahmad, K. 1981. Seasonal variation in the food and feeding habits of the catfish Mystus bleekeri (Day, 1977). Biologia 27(1): 1-13.
Mohammad, A. & Kannan, N. 2009. Aspects of growth, reproduction and feeding habit of these pomacentrid fish from Gulf of Aqaba Jordan. Jordon Journal of Biological Science 2: 119-128.
Ng, H.H. & C.J. Ferraris Jr. 2000. A review of the genus Hemibagrus in southern Asia, with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 52(11): 125-142.
Ng, H.H. & Kottelat, M. 2013. Revision of the Asian catfish genus Hemibagrus Bleeker 1862 (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Bagridae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61(1): 205-291.
Olojo, E.A.A.; Olurin, K.B. & Osikoya, O.J. 2003. Food and feeding habits of Synodontis nigrita from Osun River, S.W. Nigeria. NAGA 26: 21-24.
Pandey, K.C. 1983. Concepts of Indian Fisheries. K. Nath and Co., Meerut.
Pandian, T.J. 1971. Feeding and reproductive cycles of the fish Mystus gulio in the Cooum backwater, Madras. Indian Journal of Fisheries 12(1 and 2): 32-33.
Pianka, E.R. 1969. Sympatry of desert lizards (Ctenotus) in Western Australia. Ecology 50: 1012-1030.
Raghavan, R. & Ali, A. 2011. Hemibagrus punctatus. In: IUCN 2017. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.2. www.iucnredlist.org (accessed on 01 December 2017).
Rajan, S. 1955. Notes on a collection of fish from the headwaters of the Bhavani River, South India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 53: 44-48.
Reddy, Y.S. & Rao, M.B. 1987. A note on the food of Mystus vittatus (Bloch) from the highly polluted Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad. Indian Journal of Fisheries 34(4): 484-87.
Reddy, Y.S. & Rao, M.B. 1993. A note on the food of Mystus vittatus (Bloch) from the highly polluted Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad. Indian Journal Fisheries 34(4): 484-487.
Ross, S.T. 1986. Resources partitioning in fish assemblages: a review of field study. Copeia 352-388.
Saigal, B.N. 1967. Studies on the fishery and biology of commercial catfishes of the Ganga river system. Indian Journal Fisheries 11: 1-44.
Sandipan, G. & Samir, B. 2016. A note on Clupisoma garua (Hamilton, 1822), a freshwater catfish of Indian subcontinent (Teleostei: Siluriformes). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3(2): 150-154.
Santhanakumar, G. & Job, S.V. 1984. Feeding biology of Mystus keletius (Valen). Matsya (9-10): 25-32.
Saroj Kumar, G. & Padmanabha, C. 2016. Comparative studies on histology and histochemistry of pancreas between Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) and Mystus gulio (Hamilton, 1822) Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3(4): 251-265.
Schoener, T.W. 1985. Some comments on Connell’s and my reviews of field experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist 125: 730-740.
Shrivastava, S. 1993. Food and feeding analysis of catfish from Kshipra River. In: Rao, K.S. (ed). Recent Advances in Freshwater Biology, Vol. 2. Anmol Publishers, New Delhi, pp.113-122.
Vinci, G.K. 1986. Biology of Mystus seenghala (Sykes) from Nagarjuna sagar reservoir, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Animal Science 56: 814-822.
Welcomme, R.L. 1979. Fisheries Ecology of Flood Plain Rivers. London: Longman.
Wootton, R.J. 1990. Ecology of Teleost Fishes. London: Chapman & Hall.
Yánez-Arancibia, A. & Nugent, R. 1977. El papel ecológico de los peces en estuarios y lagunas costeras. Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 4: 107-117.
Begum, M.; Alam, M.J.; Islam, M.A. & Pal, H.K. 2008. On the food and feeding habitat of an estuarine catfish Mystus gulio (Hamilton) in the south-west coast of Bangladesh. University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 27: 55-62.
Bhatt, V.S. 1971a. Studies on the biology of some freshwater fishes. Part V. Mystus vittatus (Bloch). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 68: 32-34.
Bhatt, V.S. 1971b. Studies on the biology of some freshwater fishes. Part VI. Mystus cavasius (Ham.). Hydrobiologia 38: 289-302.
Bhatt, V.S. 1970. Studies on the biology of some freshwater fishes. Part IV. Mystus seenghala (Sykes). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 67: 194-211.
Bhuiyan, A.S. & Islam, M.N. 1991. Observation on the food and feeding habit of Ompok pabda (Ham.) from the river Padma (Siluridae: Cypriniformes). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 23(1): 75-77.
Bhuiyan, A.S.; Islam, M.N. & Islam, M.S. 1994. Seasonal pattern of food and feeding habit of Rhinomugil corsula (Ham.) from the river Padma. Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 13: 25-29.
Bhuiyan, A.S.; Islam, M.N. & Sultana, N. 1992. Food and feeding habit of Aspidoparia morar (Ham.) from the river Padma. University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 10-11: 71-76.
Bhuiyan, A.S.; Nessa, Q. & Hossain, M.D. 1999. Seasonal pattern of feeding grey mullet Mugil cephalus (L.) (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) Pakistan Journal of Zoology 31(3): 295-297.
Biju, C.R. 2005. Habitat and Distribution of Hill stream Fishes of Northern Kerala (north of Palghat Gap). PhD Thesis, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India.
Bleeker, P.P. 1862. Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandais. Publié sous les Auspices du Gouvenement Colonial Néêrlandais. J. Smith and Gide, Amsterdam.
Branco, M.A.C.; Arruda, M.A. & Gamito, S. 2010. Feeding habits of Solea senegalensis in earthen ponds in Sado estuary. Journal of Sea Research 64(4): 446-450.
Chetri, M. 2006. Diet analysis of Gaur, Bos gaurus gaurus (Smith, 1827) by Micro-histological Analysis of Fecal samples in Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Our Nature 4: 20-28.
Costa, H.H. & Fernando, E.C.M. 1967. The food and feeding relationship of the common meso and macro-fauna of the Maha Oya, a small mountainous stream at Peradeniya, Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science 7: 74-90.
Dahanukar, N.; Raut, R. & Bhat, A. 2004. Distribution, endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of Biogeography 31(1): 123-136.
Day, F. 1867. On the fishes of the Neilgherry Hills and rivers around their bases. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (2): 281-302.
Day, F. 1878. The fishes of India; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon. Part 4: 553-779.
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. 2017. Fish Base. World Wide Web Electronic Publication. www.fishbase.org, Version (10/2017). accessed 01 December 2017.
Gerking, S.D. 1994. Feeding ecology of fish. Academic Press, California.
Hajisamae, S.; Chou, L.M. & Ibrahim, S. 2003. Feeding habits and trophic organization of the fish community in shallow waters of an impacted tropical habitat. Estuary Coast Shellfish Science 58: 89-98.
Herder, F. & Freyhof, J. 2006. Resource partitioning in a tropical stream fish assemblage. Journal of Fish Biology 69(2): 571-589.
Hossain, M.A.; Parween, S.; Taleb, A. & Rahman, M.H. 1990. Food and feeding habitat of Notopterus notopterus (Pallas). University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 9: 1-6.
Hynes, H.B.N. 1950. On the food of the freshwater sticklebacks (Gastrosteus aculeatus and Pygosteus pungitius) with a review of the methods used in the study of food fishes. Journal of Animal Ecology 19: 36-58.
Idodo-Umeh, G. 2002. The feeding ecology of bagrid species in river Ase, Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology 11: 47-68.
Jerdon, T.C. 1849. On the freshwater fishes of southern India. (Continued from p. 149.). Madras Journal of Literature and Science 15(2): 302–346.
Johnson, J.A. 1999. Diversity and ecological structure of fishes in selected streams/rivers in Western Ghats. Ph.D. thesis, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.
Karod, S.A. & Radhakrishnan, C.K. 2010. Food and feeding habitats of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) from the Brahmaputra River system, Assam. Indian Journal of Fisheries 43(1): 97-101.
Khallaf, E.A.; Galal, M. & Authmam, M. 2003. The biology of Oreochromis niloticus in a polluted canal. Ecotoxicology 12: 405-416.
Khan, M.S.; Ambak, M.A. & Mohsin, A.K.M. 1988. Food and feeding biology of a tropical freshwater catfish, Mystus nemurus (C&V) with reference to functional morphology. Indian Journal of Fisheries 35: 78-84.
Krebs C.J. 1989. Ecological methodology. Harper & Row, New York.
Krebs, C.J. 1999. Ecological methodology. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park.
Kumar, D. & Roy, S.P. 2009. Food and feeding habits of some representative fishes of different tropic guilds of Kharagpur Lake with a note of their role in energy harvest. The Ecoscan 3(1 and 2): 169-176.
Manon, M.R. & Hossain, M.D. 2011. Food and feeding habit of Cyprinus carpio var. Specularis. Journal of Science Foundation 9(1 and 2): 163-181.
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