Main Article Content
Abstract
The diet and feeding ecology of cyprinid fish species Devario aequipinnatus, Rasbora daniconius, Puntius bimaculatus, Dawkinsia filamentosa and Garra mullya were studied exploring the dietary breadth and overlaps of the species in the Chittar River, Southern Western Ghats, India. The diets of D. aequipinnatus, and R. daniconius were specialized animal matter and terrestrial arthropods whereas P. bimaculatus and D. filamentosa consumed large composition of algae and small portion of detritus respectively. Meanwhile the smaller portion of animal matter was present in the gut of P. bimaculatus while G. mullya fed on only algae and detritus with higher amount of plant matter. Levin’s index diet breadths analyses showed major overlaps between R. Daniconius and D. aequipinnatus and between G. mullya and P. bimaculatus in all the seasons. In the confluence site, generalist such as D. filamentosa and P. bimaculatus had an overlap with R. daniconius in four taxa food items and animal matter category. D. aequipinnatus and R. daniconius fall in specialist group. This D. aequipinnatus and R. daniconius species fed mainly on terrestrial arthropods from the surface. Garra mullya get a narrow feeding range in all seasons. Among co-existing species, diet overlaps were noticeably low in all seasons. Among the five cyprinids species high diet breath value and highest food overlapping was observed in the intermediate and south-west monsoon seasons. These results suggest that the diets of the fish assemblages had a distinct similarity and dissimilarity between and within surface and bottom feeding guilds. The results revealed a co-existence of five cyprinid fishes in the study area of Chittar River where a highly structured stream assemblage was observed.
Keywords
Stream fishes
Feeding ecology
Diet breadth
Diet overlap
Co-existence.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
SAJEN, S. H., PALANIKANI, R., SABAI SORNA DEVI, K., SELVANAYAGI, S. V., MOHAMED SHAKILA, A. A. S., & SORANAM, R. (2020). Food partitioning of five cyprinid fish species in the Chittar River, South Western Ghats, India. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 7(3), 265–279. Retrieved from http://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/2-7-8
References
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Alhazzaa, R.; Nichols, P.D. & Carter, C.G. 2019. Sustainable alternatives to dietary fish oil in tropical fish aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture11: 1195-1218.
Arunachalam, M. 2000. Assemblage structure of stream fishes in the Western Ghats (India). Hydrobiologia 430(1-3): 1-31.
Arunachalam, M.; Madhusoodanan Nair, K.C.; Vijverberg, J. & Kotmulder, K. 1997. Food and habitat partitioning among fishes in stream pools of a south Indian River. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 23: 271-295.
Atabak, N. 2011. Survey on natural feeding of Juvenile Cynoglossus arel and Solea elongata fishes (Cynoglossidae and Soleidae) in the northwest of Persian Gulf coastal water. Fisheries Research 108: 9-14.
Atkinson, C.L.; Encalada, A.C.; Rugenski, A.T.; Thomas, S.A.; Landeira-Dabarca, A.; Poff, N.L. & Flecker, A.S. 2018. Determinants of food resource assimilation by stream insects along a tropical elevation gradient. Oecologia 187: 731-744.
Baumgartner, L.J. 2007. Diet and feeding habits of predatory fishes upstream and downstream of a low‐level weir. Journal of Fish Biology 70: 879-894.
Boix, D.; García-Berthou, E.; Gascón, S.; Benejam, L.; Tornés, E.; Sala, J.; Benito, J.; Munné, A.; Solà, C. & Sabater, S. 2010. Response of community structure to sustained drought in Mediterranean rivers. Journal of Hydrology 383: 135-146.
Bose, R.; Bose, A.K.; Das, A.K.; Parashar, A. & Roy, K. 2019. Fish diversity and limnological parameters influencing fish assemblage pattern in Chambal River Basin of Madhya Pradesh, India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 89: 461-473.
Chapman, D.W. 1966. Food and space as regulators of salmonid populations in streams. The American Naturalist 100: 345-357.
Da Silveira, E.L.; Semmar, N.; Cartes, J.E.; Tuset, V.M.; Lombarte, A.; Ballester, E.L.C. & Vaz-dos-Santos, A.M. 2020. Methods for trophic ecology assessment in fishes: a critical review of stomach analyses. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture 28: 71-106.
Dahanukar, N.; Raut, R. & Bhat, A. 2004. Distribution, endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of Biogeography 31: 123-136.
De Silva, S.S.; De Silva, C.D. & Cumaranatunga, P.R.T. 1979. Food, feeding ecology and morphological features associated with feeding of four co-occurring cyprinids (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 30: 54-73.
Dudgeon, D. 1999. Tropical Asian streams: zoobenthos, ecology and conservation. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
Grossman, G.D. & Freeman, M.C. 1987. Microhabitat use in a stream fish assemblage. Journal of Zoology 212: 151-176.
Herder, F. & Freyhof, J. 2006. Resource partitioning in a tropical stream fish assemblage. Journal of Fish Biology 9: 571-589.
Hojat Ansari, M.; Ebrahimi, M. & Esmaeili, H.R. 2020. Morphohistological characteristic of digestive tract of an endemic cichlid fish, Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982 (Teleostei: Cichlidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 8(1): 1-8.
Hynes, H.B.N. 1950. The food of fresh-water sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatusand Pygosteus pungitius), with a review of methods used in studies of the food of fishes. Journal of Animal Ecology 19: 36-58.
Hyslop, E.J. 1980. Stomach content analysis -a review of methods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology 17: 411-429.
Jayaram, K.C. 1999. The Fresh Water Fishes of Indian Region. Narendra Publication, New Delhi.
Johnson, J.A. 1999. Diversity and ecological structure of fishes in selected streams/rivers in Western Ghats. Ph.D. thesis, ManonmaniamSundaranar University, Tirunelveli.
Johnson, J.A. & Arunachalam, M. 2009. Diversity, distribution and assemblage structure of fishes in streams of southern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1: 507-513.
Johnson, J.A. & Arunachalam, M. 2012. Feeding habit and food partitioning in a stream fish community of Western Ghats, India. Environmental Biology of Fishes 93: 51-60.
Joshi, M.; Charles, B.; Ravikanth, G. & Aravind, N.A. 2017. Assigning conservation value and identifying hotspots of endemic rattan diversity in the Western Ghats, India. Plant Diversity 39: 263-272.
Khaleel, A.G.; Rusli, N.N.; Radzif, N.I.M.; Nasir, A.S.M.; Dali, M.Z.M.; Ismail, N.; Ha, H.C. & Kamarudin, A.S. (2020). Prey identification of invasive peacock bass from Telabak Lake Malaysia using DNA barcoding technique. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 8(4): 272-280.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1975. Fish Communities. Cambridge University Press.
Lucena, F.M.; O’Brien, C.M. & Reis, E.G. 2000. The effect of fish morphology and behaviour on the efficiency of gill nets, their selectivity and by-catch: two examples from southern Brazil. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 1-16.
Matthews, W.J. 1998. Patterns in Freshwater Fish ecology. Chapman and Hall, London.
Mookerji, N.; Weng, Z. & Mazumder, A. 2004. Food partitioning between coexisting Atlantic salmon and brook trout in the Sainte‐Marguerite River ecosystem, Quebec. Journal of Fish Biology 64: 680-694.
Moyle, P.B. & Senayake, F.R. 1984. Resource partitioning among the fishes of rainforest streams in Sri Lanka. Journal of Zoology 202: 195-223.
Oscoz, J.; Campos, F.; Escala, M.C.; García-Fresca, C.; Leunda, P.M.; Miranda, R. 2005.Diet composition of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), in the Urederra River (Spain). International Journal of Limnology 41: 27-34.
Oueda, A.; Guenda, W.; Outtara, A.; Goutene, G.; Hunueny, B. & Kabre, G.B. 2008. Seasonal diet shift of the most important fish species in a Sahelo-Soudanian Reservoir (Burkina Faso). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 3: 240-251.
Pusey, B.J. & Bradshaw, S.D. 1996. Diet and dietary overlap in fishes of temporary waters of southwestern Australia. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 5: 183-194.
Radinger, J.; Britton, J.R.; Carlson, S.M.; Magurran, A.E.; Alcaraz‐Hernández, J.D.; Almodóvar, A.; Benejam, L.; Fernández‐Delgado, C.; Nicola, G.G.; Oliva‐Paterna, F.J.; Torralva, M. 2019. Effective monitoring of freshwater fish. Fish and Fisheries 20: 729-747.
Resende Manna, L.; Carlos Miranda, J.; Ferreira Rezende, C. & Mazzoni, R. 2020. Feeding strategy and morphology as indicators of habitat use and coexistence of two loricariid fishes from a Brazilian coastal stream. Biota Neotropica 20(1): e20190764.
Ross, S.T. 1986. Resource partitioning in fish assemblages: a review of field studies. Copeia 352-388.
Schoener, T.W. 1970. Nonsynchronous spatial overlap of lizards in patchy habitats. Ecology 51: 408-418.
Sobhana, B. & Nair, N.B. 1976. Observation on the maturation and spawning of Puntius sarana subnasutus (Valenciennes) [freshwater fish, India]. Indian Journal of Fisheries India 21: 357-359.
Somvanshi, V.S. & Bapat, S.S. 1979. Food and feeding habits of a hill stream fish Garramullya (Sykes). Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India 2: 87-93.
Talwar, P.K. & Jhingran, A.G. 1991. Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries. Oxford and IBH Publication, New Delhi.
Vijayakumar, B.; Padmanabhan, K.G.; Kortmulder, K. & Kumar, K.P. 1985. Food and feeding habits of two cyprinid forage fishes, Puntius (= Barbus) filamentosus (Val.) and P. amphibius (Val.) from South Kerala, India. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 36(4): 449-460.
Welcomme, R.L. 1979. Fisheries Ecology of Floodplain rivers. Longman, London, New York
Yoshiyama, R.M. 1981. Distribution and abundance patterns of rocky intertidal fishes in central California. Environmental Biology of Fishes 6: 315-332.
References
Alhazzaa, R.; Nichols, P.D. & Carter, C.G. 2019. Sustainable alternatives to dietary fish oil in tropical fish aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture11: 1195-1218.
Arunachalam, M. 2000. Assemblage structure of stream fishes in the Western Ghats (India). Hydrobiologia 430(1-3): 1-31.
Arunachalam, M.; Madhusoodanan Nair, K.C.; Vijverberg, J. & Kotmulder, K. 1997. Food and habitat partitioning among fishes in stream pools of a south Indian River. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 23: 271-295.
Atabak, N. 2011. Survey on natural feeding of Juvenile Cynoglossus arel and Solea elongata fishes (Cynoglossidae and Soleidae) in the northwest of Persian Gulf coastal water. Fisheries Research 108: 9-14.
Atkinson, C.L.; Encalada, A.C.; Rugenski, A.T.; Thomas, S.A.; Landeira-Dabarca, A.; Poff, N.L. & Flecker, A.S. 2018. Determinants of food resource assimilation by stream insects along a tropical elevation gradient. Oecologia 187: 731-744.
Baumgartner, L.J. 2007. Diet and feeding habits of predatory fishes upstream and downstream of a low‐level weir. Journal of Fish Biology 70: 879-894.
Boix, D.; García-Berthou, E.; Gascón, S.; Benejam, L.; Tornés, E.; Sala, J.; Benito, J.; Munné, A.; Solà, C. & Sabater, S. 2010. Response of community structure to sustained drought in Mediterranean rivers. Journal of Hydrology 383: 135-146.
Bose, R.; Bose, A.K.; Das, A.K.; Parashar, A. & Roy, K. 2019. Fish diversity and limnological parameters influencing fish assemblage pattern in Chambal River Basin of Madhya Pradesh, India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 89: 461-473.
Chapman, D.W. 1966. Food and space as regulators of salmonid populations in streams. The American Naturalist 100: 345-357.
Da Silveira, E.L.; Semmar, N.; Cartes, J.E.; Tuset, V.M.; Lombarte, A.; Ballester, E.L.C. & Vaz-dos-Santos, A.M. 2020. Methods for trophic ecology assessment in fishes: a critical review of stomach analyses. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture 28: 71-106.
Dahanukar, N.; Raut, R. & Bhat, A. 2004. Distribution, endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of Biogeography 31: 123-136.
De Silva, S.S.; De Silva, C.D. & Cumaranatunga, P.R.T. 1979. Food, feeding ecology and morphological features associated with feeding of four co-occurring cyprinids (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 30: 54-73.
Dudgeon, D. 1999. Tropical Asian streams: zoobenthos, ecology and conservation. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
Grossman, G.D. & Freeman, M.C. 1987. Microhabitat use in a stream fish assemblage. Journal of Zoology 212: 151-176.
Herder, F. & Freyhof, J. 2006. Resource partitioning in a tropical stream fish assemblage. Journal of Fish Biology 9: 571-589.
Hojat Ansari, M.; Ebrahimi, M. & Esmaeili, H.R. 2020. Morphohistological characteristic of digestive tract of an endemic cichlid fish, Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982 (Teleostei: Cichlidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 8(1): 1-8.
Hynes, H.B.N. 1950. The food of fresh-water sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatusand Pygosteus pungitius), with a review of methods used in studies of the food of fishes. Journal of Animal Ecology 19: 36-58.
Hyslop, E.J. 1980. Stomach content analysis -a review of methods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology 17: 411-429.
Jayaram, K.C. 1999. The Fresh Water Fishes of Indian Region. Narendra Publication, New Delhi.
Johnson, J.A. 1999. Diversity and ecological structure of fishes in selected streams/rivers in Western Ghats. Ph.D. thesis, ManonmaniamSundaranar University, Tirunelveli.
Johnson, J.A. & Arunachalam, M. 2009. Diversity, distribution and assemblage structure of fishes in streams of southern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1: 507-513.
Johnson, J.A. & Arunachalam, M. 2012. Feeding habit and food partitioning in a stream fish community of Western Ghats, India. Environmental Biology of Fishes 93: 51-60.
Joshi, M.; Charles, B.; Ravikanth, G. & Aravind, N.A. 2017. Assigning conservation value and identifying hotspots of endemic rattan diversity in the Western Ghats, India. Plant Diversity 39: 263-272.
Khaleel, A.G.; Rusli, N.N.; Radzif, N.I.M.; Nasir, A.S.M.; Dali, M.Z.M.; Ismail, N.; Ha, H.C. & Kamarudin, A.S. (2020). Prey identification of invasive peacock bass from Telabak Lake Malaysia using DNA barcoding technique. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 8(4): 272-280.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1975. Fish Communities. Cambridge University Press.
Lucena, F.M.; O’Brien, C.M. & Reis, E.G. 2000. The effect of fish morphology and behaviour on the efficiency of gill nets, their selectivity and by-catch: two examples from southern Brazil. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 1-16.
Matthews, W.J. 1998. Patterns in Freshwater Fish ecology. Chapman and Hall, London.
Mookerji, N.; Weng, Z. & Mazumder, A. 2004. Food partitioning between coexisting Atlantic salmon and brook trout in the Sainte‐Marguerite River ecosystem, Quebec. Journal of Fish Biology 64: 680-694.
Moyle, P.B. & Senayake, F.R. 1984. Resource partitioning among the fishes of rainforest streams in Sri Lanka. Journal of Zoology 202: 195-223.
Oscoz, J.; Campos, F.; Escala, M.C.; García-Fresca, C.; Leunda, P.M.; Miranda, R. 2005.Diet composition of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), in the Urederra River (Spain). International Journal of Limnology 41: 27-34.
Oueda, A.; Guenda, W.; Outtara, A.; Goutene, G.; Hunueny, B. & Kabre, G.B. 2008. Seasonal diet shift of the most important fish species in a Sahelo-Soudanian Reservoir (Burkina Faso). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 3: 240-251.
Pusey, B.J. & Bradshaw, S.D. 1996. Diet and dietary overlap in fishes of temporary waters of southwestern Australia. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 5: 183-194.
Radinger, J.; Britton, J.R.; Carlson, S.M.; Magurran, A.E.; Alcaraz‐Hernández, J.D.; Almodóvar, A.; Benejam, L.; Fernández‐Delgado, C.; Nicola, G.G.; Oliva‐Paterna, F.J.; Torralva, M. 2019. Effective monitoring of freshwater fish. Fish and Fisheries 20: 729-747.
Resende Manna, L.; Carlos Miranda, J.; Ferreira Rezende, C. & Mazzoni, R. 2020. Feeding strategy and morphology as indicators of habitat use and coexistence of two loricariid fishes from a Brazilian coastal stream. Biota Neotropica 20(1): e20190764.
Ross, S.T. 1986. Resource partitioning in fish assemblages: a review of field studies. Copeia 352-388.
Schoener, T.W. 1970. Nonsynchronous spatial overlap of lizards in patchy habitats. Ecology 51: 408-418.
Sobhana, B. & Nair, N.B. 1976. Observation on the maturation and spawning of Puntius sarana subnasutus (Valenciennes) [freshwater fish, India]. Indian Journal of Fisheries India 21: 357-359.
Somvanshi, V.S. & Bapat, S.S. 1979. Food and feeding habits of a hill stream fish Garramullya (Sykes). Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India 2: 87-93.
Talwar, P.K. & Jhingran, A.G. 1991. Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries. Oxford and IBH Publication, New Delhi.
Vijayakumar, B.; Padmanabhan, K.G.; Kortmulder, K. & Kumar, K.P. 1985. Food and feeding habits of two cyprinid forage fishes, Puntius (= Barbus) filamentosus (Val.) and P. amphibius (Val.) from South Kerala, India. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 36(4): 449-460.
Welcomme, R.L. 1979. Fisheries Ecology of Floodplain rivers. Longman, London, New York
Yoshiyama, R.M. 1981. Distribution and abundance patterns of rocky intertidal fishes in central California. Environmental Biology of Fishes 6: 315-332.
Arunachalam, M. 2000. Assemblage structure of stream fishes in the Western Ghats (India). Hydrobiologia 430(1-3): 1-31.
Arunachalam, M.; Madhusoodanan Nair, K.C.; Vijverberg, J. & Kotmulder, K. 1997. Food and habitat partitioning among fishes in stream pools of a south Indian River. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 23: 271-295.
Atabak, N. 2011. Survey on natural feeding of Juvenile Cynoglossus arel and Solea elongata fishes (Cynoglossidae and Soleidae) in the northwest of Persian Gulf coastal water. Fisheries Research 108: 9-14.
Atkinson, C.L.; Encalada, A.C.; Rugenski, A.T.; Thomas, S.A.; Landeira-Dabarca, A.; Poff, N.L. & Flecker, A.S. 2018. Determinants of food resource assimilation by stream insects along a tropical elevation gradient. Oecologia 187: 731-744.
Baumgartner, L.J. 2007. Diet and feeding habits of predatory fishes upstream and downstream of a low‐level weir. Journal of Fish Biology 70: 879-894.
Boix, D.; García-Berthou, E.; Gascón, S.; Benejam, L.; Tornés, E.; Sala, J.; Benito, J.; Munné, A.; Solà, C. & Sabater, S. 2010. Response of community structure to sustained drought in Mediterranean rivers. Journal of Hydrology 383: 135-146.
Bose, R.; Bose, A.K.; Das, A.K.; Parashar, A. & Roy, K. 2019. Fish diversity and limnological parameters influencing fish assemblage pattern in Chambal River Basin of Madhya Pradesh, India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 89: 461-473.
Chapman, D.W. 1966. Food and space as regulators of salmonid populations in streams. The American Naturalist 100: 345-357.
Da Silveira, E.L.; Semmar, N.; Cartes, J.E.; Tuset, V.M.; Lombarte, A.; Ballester, E.L.C. & Vaz-dos-Santos, A.M. 2020. Methods for trophic ecology assessment in fishes: a critical review of stomach analyses. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture 28: 71-106.
Dahanukar, N.; Raut, R. & Bhat, A. 2004. Distribution, endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of Biogeography 31: 123-136.
De Silva, S.S.; De Silva, C.D. & Cumaranatunga, P.R.T. 1979. Food, feeding ecology and morphological features associated with feeding of four co-occurring cyprinids (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 30: 54-73.
Dudgeon, D. 1999. Tropical Asian streams: zoobenthos, ecology and conservation. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
Grossman, G.D. & Freeman, M.C. 1987. Microhabitat use in a stream fish assemblage. Journal of Zoology 212: 151-176.
Herder, F. & Freyhof, J. 2006. Resource partitioning in a tropical stream fish assemblage. Journal of Fish Biology 9: 571-589.
Hojat Ansari, M.; Ebrahimi, M. & Esmaeili, H.R. 2020. Morphohistological characteristic of digestive tract of an endemic cichlid fish, Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982 (Teleostei: Cichlidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 8(1): 1-8.
Hynes, H.B.N. 1950. The food of fresh-water sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatusand Pygosteus pungitius), with a review of methods used in studies of the food of fishes. Journal of Animal Ecology 19: 36-58.
Hyslop, E.J. 1980. Stomach content analysis -a review of methods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology 17: 411-429.
Jayaram, K.C. 1999. The Fresh Water Fishes of Indian Region. Narendra Publication, New Delhi.
Johnson, J.A. 1999. Diversity and ecological structure of fishes in selected streams/rivers in Western Ghats. Ph.D. thesis, ManonmaniamSundaranar University, Tirunelveli.
Johnson, J.A. & Arunachalam, M. 2009. Diversity, distribution and assemblage structure of fishes in streams of southern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1: 507-513.
Johnson, J.A. & Arunachalam, M. 2012. Feeding habit and food partitioning in a stream fish community of Western Ghats, India. Environmental Biology of Fishes 93: 51-60.
Joshi, M.; Charles, B.; Ravikanth, G. & Aravind, N.A. 2017. Assigning conservation value and identifying hotspots of endemic rattan diversity in the Western Ghats, India. Plant Diversity 39: 263-272.
Khaleel, A.G.; Rusli, N.N.; Radzif, N.I.M.; Nasir, A.S.M.; Dali, M.Z.M.; Ismail, N.; Ha, H.C. & Kamarudin, A.S. (2020). Prey identification of invasive peacock bass from Telabak Lake Malaysia using DNA barcoding technique. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 8(4): 272-280.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1975. Fish Communities. Cambridge University Press.
Lucena, F.M.; O’Brien, C.M. & Reis, E.G. 2000. The effect of fish morphology and behaviour on the efficiency of gill nets, their selectivity and by-catch: two examples from southern Brazil. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 1-16.
Matthews, W.J. 1998. Patterns in Freshwater Fish ecology. Chapman and Hall, London.
Mookerji, N.; Weng, Z. & Mazumder, A. 2004. Food partitioning between coexisting Atlantic salmon and brook trout in the Sainte‐Marguerite River ecosystem, Quebec. Journal of Fish Biology 64: 680-694.
Moyle, P.B. & Senayake, F.R. 1984. Resource partitioning among the fishes of rainforest streams in Sri Lanka. Journal of Zoology 202: 195-223.
Oscoz, J.; Campos, F.; Escala, M.C.; García-Fresca, C.; Leunda, P.M.; Miranda, R. 2005.Diet composition of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), in the Urederra River (Spain). International Journal of Limnology 41: 27-34.
Oueda, A.; Guenda, W.; Outtara, A.; Goutene, G.; Hunueny, B. & Kabre, G.B. 2008. Seasonal diet shift of the most important fish species in a Sahelo-Soudanian Reservoir (Burkina Faso). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 3: 240-251.
Pusey, B.J. & Bradshaw, S.D. 1996. Diet and dietary overlap in fishes of temporary waters of southwestern Australia. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 5: 183-194.
Radinger, J.; Britton, J.R.; Carlson, S.M.; Magurran, A.E.; Alcaraz‐Hernández, J.D.; Almodóvar, A.; Benejam, L.; Fernández‐Delgado, C.; Nicola, G.G.; Oliva‐Paterna, F.J.; Torralva, M. 2019. Effective monitoring of freshwater fish. Fish and Fisheries 20: 729-747.
Resende Manna, L.; Carlos Miranda, J.; Ferreira Rezende, C. & Mazzoni, R. 2020. Feeding strategy and morphology as indicators of habitat use and coexistence of two loricariid fishes from a Brazilian coastal stream. Biota Neotropica 20(1): e20190764.
Ross, S.T. 1986. Resource partitioning in fish assemblages: a review of field studies. Copeia 352-388.
Schoener, T.W. 1970. Nonsynchronous spatial overlap of lizards in patchy habitats. Ecology 51: 408-418.
Sobhana, B. & Nair, N.B. 1976. Observation on the maturation and spawning of Puntius sarana subnasutus (Valenciennes) [freshwater fish, India]. Indian Journal of Fisheries India 21: 357-359.
Somvanshi, V.S. & Bapat, S.S. 1979. Food and feeding habits of a hill stream fish Garramullya (Sykes). Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India 2: 87-93.
Talwar, P.K. & Jhingran, A.G. 1991. Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries. Oxford and IBH Publication, New Delhi.
Vijayakumar, B.; Padmanabhan, K.G.; Kortmulder, K. & Kumar, K.P. 1985. Food and feeding habits of two cyprinid forage fishes, Puntius (= Barbus) filamentosus (Val.) and P. amphibius (Val.) from South Kerala, India. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 36(4): 449-460.
Welcomme, R.L. 1979. Fisheries Ecology of Floodplain rivers. Longman, London, New York
Yoshiyama, R.M. 1981. Distribution and abundance patterns of rocky intertidal fishes in central California. Environmental Biology of Fishes 6: 315-332.