Main Article Content
Abstract
Birds of prey play a vital ecological role in maintaining the ecological system. To evaluate the importance of Iraqi habitat for raptor as breeding or migrating sites, this study was aimed to survey the raptors in two ecologically different habitat, including East Al-Hammar marshes and Abo Al-Khaseeb in North and South of Basrah Province, Iraq. The most significant finding in this study was re-observing the Egyptian vulture, Neophron percnopterus in both studying areas. The results showed the presence of 13 species of raptors. Five out 13 species were classified by International Union for Conservation Nature (IUCN) under different threatened categories, viz. Circus aeruginosus and Aquila nipalensis are classified as endangered species, Clanga clanga and Aquila heliacal as vulnerable species, and C. macrourus as neat threatened species. Additionally, East Al-Hammar showed more diversity of raptors than Abo Al-Khaseeb. In conclusion, the different habitats in Iraq showed to have a fundamental role for various bird species. More investigations are required to evaluate the habitat for this group of birds.
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The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
ABOU-TURAB, M. kassim, ABDUZAHRA, H. K., & FADHIL ABBAS, A. (2021). Re-sighting Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus, (Linnaeus, 1758) with raptors survey at East Al- Hammar marshes and Abo Al-Khaseeb, south of Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 8–15. Retrieved from http://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/01002
References
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Mufid, K.A.T.; Abduzahra, H.K.; Nasir, N.A. & Al-Shammary, A.C. 2017. The value of small dispersed wetland areas for bird; Case of study Basrah Province/Iraq. Mesopotamia Environmental Journal 3(3).
Afrasiab, S.R.; Mohammad, M.K.; Ali, H.H.; Al-Moussawi, A.A. & Abdul-Rassoul, M.S. 2013. Fauna and flora of Hawraman mountain (part one) Hawraman lowest zone, Kurdistan province north east of Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 12(4): 7-34.
Anoop, N.R.; Babu, S.; Nagarajan, R. & Sen, S. 2020. Identifying suitable reintroduction sites for the White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in India's Western Ghats using niche models and habitat requirements. Ecological Engineering 158: 106034.
Samson, A. & Ramakarishnan, B. 2016. Observation of a population of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus in Ramanagaram Hills, Karnataka, southern India. Vulture News 71: 36-49.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F. 2011. A survey report on trapping and trade of raptors in Iraq. Wildlife Middle East News 6(1): 6.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F. & Al-Azawi, A.J. 2019a. The Diurnal birds of Prey (Raptors) in the Mesopotamian Marshes of Southern Iraq with notes on their conservation status. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 15(4): 381-402.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F. & Al-Azawi, A.J. 2019b. Migration pattern and wintering population of the Eurasian marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) in the Central Marshes, a wetland of international importance in southern Iraq. Raptor Journal 13(1): 127-137.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F.; Al-Barazangi, A.N.; Haba, M.K.; Fazaa, N.A.; Abdulzahra, H.K.; Turab, M.K.A. & Al-Azawi, A.J. 2017. Ring Recoveries from Steppe Eagles and Eastern Imperial Eagles from the Russian and Kazakhstan Breeding Populations and a Review of Major Threats to Eagles in Iraq. Raptors Conservation 35: 51-61.
Ararat, K. 2009. Key biodiversity areas: Rapid assessment of birds in Kurdistan, northern Iraq. BioRisk 3: 187–203.
Bedaira, H.; Al Saad, H. & Salman, N. 2006. Iraq’s southern marshes something special to be conserved; A case study. Marsh Bulletin 2(1): 99-126.
Bibby, C.J.; Burgess, N.D.; Hill, D.A. & Mustoe, S. 2000. Bird Census Techniques (2nd edn.) London: Academic Press. 302 p.
BirdLife International 2004. Birds in the European Union: a status assessment. BirdLife International, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
BirdLife International. 2016. Falco tinnunculus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22696362A93556429. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016.RLTS.T22696362A93556429.en. Downloaded on 23 January 2021.
BirdLife International. 2019. Neophron percnopterus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22695180A154895845.
BirdLife International. 2020. Aquila nipalensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22696038A180479129. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020.RLTS.T22696038A180479129.en. Downloaded on 23 January 2021.
Bougain, C. 2016. Identification of important migration concentration areas of Egyptian vultures Neophron percnopterus from the Balkan population tracked by satellite telemetry. Training report. LIFE10 NAT/BG /000152.
Dobrev, V.; Boev, Z.; Oppel, S.; Arkumarev, V.; Dobrev, D.; Kret, E.; Vavylis, D.; Saravia, V.; Bounas, A. & Nikolov, S. 2015. Diet of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Bulgaria and Greece (2005-2013). Technical Report Under Action A5 of the LIFE+ project “The Return of the Neophron” (LIFE10 NAT/BG/000152). BSPB, Sofia. 28 p.
Donázar, J. A.; Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Fargallo, A.; Margalida, J.; Moleón, A.; Morales REYES, M.; Moreno-Opo, Z.; Pérez-García, R.; Sánchez-zapata, J.M.; Zuberogoitia J.A.; & Serrano, I.D. 2016. Roles of raptors in changing world: From flashing ships to provider’s key ecosystem services. Ardeola 63(1): 181-234.
Eccleston, D. & Harness, E. 2018. Raptor Electrocutions and Power Line Collisions. In: J. Sarasola, J. Grande, J. Negro (eds.), Birds of Prey. Springer, Cham. 522 p.
Falk, K.; Møller, S.; Rigét, F.F.; Sørensen, P.B. & Vorkamp, K. 2018. Raptors are still affected by environmental pollutants: Greenlandic Peregrines will not have normal eggshell thickness until 2034, Ornis Hungarica 26(2): 171-176.
García-Ripollés, C. & López-López, P. 2006. Population size and breeding performance of Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) in Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Raptor Research 40(3): 217-221.
Hatem, A.; Abou Turab, M. & Abdul-Zahra, H.B. 2021. A survey of chewing lice of some raptors in southern Iraq, with remarks on prevalence and occurrence. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126717.1365. (In Press)
Kouba, M.; Bartoš, L.; Bartošová, J.; Bartošová, J.; Hongisto, K. & Korpimäki, E. 2020. Interactive influences of fluctuations of main food resources and climate change on long-term population decline of Tengmalm’s owls in the boreal forest. Scientific Reports 10(1): 1-14.
Liberatori, F. & Penteriani, V. 2001. A long-term analysis of the declining population of the Egyptian vulture in the Italian peninsula: distribution, habitat preference, productivity and conservation implications. Biological Conservation 10: 1381-389.
McClure, C.J. & Rolek, B.W. 2020. Relative conservation status of bird orders with special attention to raptors. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8: 420
McClure, C.; Johnson, J. Schulwitz, J.; Virani, S.; Davies, M.; Symes, R.; Wheatley, A.H.; Thorstrom, R.; Amar, A.; Buij, R.; Jones, V., Williams, N.; Buechley, E. & Butchart, S. 2018. State of the world's raptors: Distributions, threats, and conservation recommendations. Biological Conservation 227: 390-402.
Nikolov, S.C.; Barov, B.; Bowden, C. & Williams, N. P. 2016. Flyway action plan for the conservation of the Balkan and Central Asian populations of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus (EVFAP). BSPB Conservation Series No. 32, Sofia, CMS Raptors MoU Technical Publication No. 4, Abu Dhabi. 124 p.
Raza, H.; Fadhel, O.; Ararat, K.; Haba, M. & Salim, M. 2011. Key biodiversity areas project report. Animal and bird trade & hunting in Iraq. Nature Iraq & Iraqi Ministry of Environment. Publication No: NI-0711-01
Safford, R.; Andevski, J.; Botha, A.; Bowden, C.; Crockford, N.; Garbett, R.; Margalida, A.; Ramírez, I.; Shobrak, M.; Tavares, J. & Williams, N. 2019. Vulture conservation: the case for urgent action. Bird Conservation International 29: 1-9.
Şen, B. 2012. Breeding ecology of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Beypazari. A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science of Middle East Technical University.
Sutherland, W.; Newton, I. & Green, R. 2008. Bird Ecology and Conservation. A hand book of techniques. United States, Oxford University Press. 385 p.
Väli, Ü.; Elts, J. & Pehlak, H. 2018. Are common bird monitoring schemes andopportunistic observations appropriate for estimating raptor trends? Bird Study 65(sup1): S35-S42.
Wacher, T.; Newby, J.; Houdou, I.; Harouna, A. & Rabeil, T. 2013. Vulture observations in the Sahelian zones of Chad and Niger. Bull ABC 20: 286-199.
References
Mufid, K.A.T.; Abduzahra, H.K.; Nasir, N.A. & Al-Shammary, A.C. 2017. The value of small dispersed wetland areas for bird; Case of study Basrah Province/Iraq. Mesopotamia Environmental Journal 3(3).
Afrasiab, S.R.; Mohammad, M.K.; Ali, H.H.; Al-Moussawi, A.A. & Abdul-Rassoul, M.S. 2013. Fauna and flora of Hawraman mountain (part one) Hawraman lowest zone, Kurdistan province north east of Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 12(4): 7-34.
Anoop, N.R.; Babu, S.; Nagarajan, R. & Sen, S. 2020. Identifying suitable reintroduction sites for the White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in India's Western Ghats using niche models and habitat requirements. Ecological Engineering 158: 106034.
Samson, A. & Ramakarishnan, B. 2016. Observation of a population of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus in Ramanagaram Hills, Karnataka, southern India. Vulture News 71: 36-49.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F. 2011. A survey report on trapping and trade of raptors in Iraq. Wildlife Middle East News 6(1): 6.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F. & Al-Azawi, A.J. 2019a. The Diurnal birds of Prey (Raptors) in the Mesopotamian Marshes of Southern Iraq with notes on their conservation status. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 15(4): 381-402.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F. & Al-Azawi, A.J. 2019b. Migration pattern and wintering population of the Eurasian marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) in the Central Marshes, a wetland of international importance in southern Iraq. Raptor Journal 13(1): 127-137.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F.; Al-Barazangi, A.N.; Haba, M.K.; Fazaa, N.A.; Abdulzahra, H.K.; Turab, M.K.A. & Al-Azawi, A.J. 2017. Ring Recoveries from Steppe Eagles and Eastern Imperial Eagles from the Russian and Kazakhstan Breeding Populations and a Review of Major Threats to Eagles in Iraq. Raptors Conservation 35: 51-61.
Ararat, K. 2009. Key biodiversity areas: Rapid assessment of birds in Kurdistan, northern Iraq. BioRisk 3: 187–203.
Bedaira, H.; Al Saad, H. & Salman, N. 2006. Iraq’s southern marshes something special to be conserved; A case study. Marsh Bulletin 2(1): 99-126.
Bibby, C.J.; Burgess, N.D.; Hill, D.A. & Mustoe, S. 2000. Bird Census Techniques (2nd edn.) London: Academic Press. 302 p.
BirdLife International 2004. Birds in the European Union: a status assessment. BirdLife International, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
BirdLife International. 2016. Falco tinnunculus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22696362A93556429. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016.RLTS.T22696362A93556429.en. Downloaded on 23 January 2021.
BirdLife International. 2019. Neophron percnopterus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22695180A154895845.
BirdLife International. 2020. Aquila nipalensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22696038A180479129. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020.RLTS.T22696038A180479129.en. Downloaded on 23 January 2021.
Bougain, C. 2016. Identification of important migration concentration areas of Egyptian vultures Neophron percnopterus from the Balkan population tracked by satellite telemetry. Training report. LIFE10 NAT/BG /000152.
Dobrev, V.; Boev, Z.; Oppel, S.; Arkumarev, V.; Dobrev, D.; Kret, E.; Vavylis, D.; Saravia, V.; Bounas, A. & Nikolov, S. 2015. Diet of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Bulgaria and Greece (2005-2013). Technical Report Under Action A5 of the LIFE+ project “The Return of the Neophron” (LIFE10 NAT/BG/000152). BSPB, Sofia. 28 p.
Donázar, J. A.; Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Fargallo, A.; Margalida, J.; Moleón, A.; Morales REYES, M.; Moreno-Opo, Z.; Pérez-García, R.; Sánchez-zapata, J.M.; Zuberogoitia J.A.; & Serrano, I.D. 2016. Roles of raptors in changing world: From flashing ships to provider’s key ecosystem services. Ardeola 63(1): 181-234.
Eccleston, D. & Harness, E. 2018. Raptor Electrocutions and Power Line Collisions. In: J. Sarasola, J. Grande, J. Negro (eds.), Birds of Prey. Springer, Cham. 522 p.
Falk, K.; Møller, S.; Rigét, F.F.; Sørensen, P.B. & Vorkamp, K. 2018. Raptors are still affected by environmental pollutants: Greenlandic Peregrines will not have normal eggshell thickness until 2034, Ornis Hungarica 26(2): 171-176.
García-Ripollés, C. & López-López, P. 2006. Population size and breeding performance of Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) in Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Raptor Research 40(3): 217-221.
Hatem, A.; Abou Turab, M. & Abdul-Zahra, H.B. 2021. A survey of chewing lice of some raptors in southern Iraq, with remarks on prevalence and occurrence. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126717.1365. (In Press)
Kouba, M.; Bartoš, L.; Bartošová, J.; Bartošová, J.; Hongisto, K. & Korpimäki, E. 2020. Interactive influences of fluctuations of main food resources and climate change on long-term population decline of Tengmalm’s owls in the boreal forest. Scientific Reports 10(1): 1-14.
Liberatori, F. & Penteriani, V. 2001. A long-term analysis of the declining population of the Egyptian vulture in the Italian peninsula: distribution, habitat preference, productivity and conservation implications. Biological Conservation 10: 1381-389.
McClure, C.J. & Rolek, B.W. 2020. Relative conservation status of bird orders with special attention to raptors. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8: 420
McClure, C.; Johnson, J. Schulwitz, J.; Virani, S.; Davies, M.; Symes, R.; Wheatley, A.H.; Thorstrom, R.; Amar, A.; Buij, R.; Jones, V., Williams, N.; Buechley, E. & Butchart, S. 2018. State of the world's raptors: Distributions, threats, and conservation recommendations. Biological Conservation 227: 390-402.
Nikolov, S.C.; Barov, B.; Bowden, C. & Williams, N. P. 2016. Flyway action plan for the conservation of the Balkan and Central Asian populations of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus (EVFAP). BSPB Conservation Series No. 32, Sofia, CMS Raptors MoU Technical Publication No. 4, Abu Dhabi. 124 p.
Raza, H.; Fadhel, O.; Ararat, K.; Haba, M. & Salim, M. 2011. Key biodiversity areas project report. Animal and bird trade & hunting in Iraq. Nature Iraq & Iraqi Ministry of Environment. Publication No: NI-0711-01
Safford, R.; Andevski, J.; Botha, A.; Bowden, C.; Crockford, N.; Garbett, R.; Margalida, A.; Ramírez, I.; Shobrak, M.; Tavares, J. & Williams, N. 2019. Vulture conservation: the case for urgent action. Bird Conservation International 29: 1-9.
Şen, B. 2012. Breeding ecology of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Beypazari. A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science of Middle East Technical University.
Sutherland, W.; Newton, I. & Green, R. 2008. Bird Ecology and Conservation. A hand book of techniques. United States, Oxford University Press. 385 p.
Väli, Ü.; Elts, J. & Pehlak, H. 2018. Are common bird monitoring schemes andopportunistic observations appropriate for estimating raptor trends? Bird Study 65(sup1): S35-S42.
Wacher, T.; Newby, J.; Houdou, I.; Harouna, A. & Rabeil, T. 2013. Vulture observations in the Sahelian zones of Chad and Niger. Bull ABC 20: 286-199.
Afrasiab, S.R.; Mohammad, M.K.; Ali, H.H.; Al-Moussawi, A.A. & Abdul-Rassoul, M.S. 2013. Fauna and flora of Hawraman mountain (part one) Hawraman lowest zone, Kurdistan province north east of Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 12(4): 7-34.
Anoop, N.R.; Babu, S.; Nagarajan, R. & Sen, S. 2020. Identifying suitable reintroduction sites for the White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in India's Western Ghats using niche models and habitat requirements. Ecological Engineering 158: 106034.
Samson, A. & Ramakarishnan, B. 2016. Observation of a population of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus in Ramanagaram Hills, Karnataka, southern India. Vulture News 71: 36-49.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F. 2011. A survey report on trapping and trade of raptors in Iraq. Wildlife Middle East News 6(1): 6.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F. & Al-Azawi, A.J. 2019a. The Diurnal birds of Prey (Raptors) in the Mesopotamian Marshes of Southern Iraq with notes on their conservation status. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 15(4): 381-402.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F. & Al-Azawi, A.J. 2019b. Migration pattern and wintering population of the Eurasian marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) in the Central Marshes, a wetland of international importance in southern Iraq. Raptor Journal 13(1): 127-137.
Al-Sheikhly, O.F.; Al-Barazangi, A.N.; Haba, M.K.; Fazaa, N.A.; Abdulzahra, H.K.; Turab, M.K.A. & Al-Azawi, A.J. 2017. Ring Recoveries from Steppe Eagles and Eastern Imperial Eagles from the Russian and Kazakhstan Breeding Populations and a Review of Major Threats to Eagles in Iraq. Raptors Conservation 35: 51-61.
Ararat, K. 2009. Key biodiversity areas: Rapid assessment of birds in Kurdistan, northern Iraq. BioRisk 3: 187–203.
Bedaira, H.; Al Saad, H. & Salman, N. 2006. Iraq’s southern marshes something special to be conserved; A case study. Marsh Bulletin 2(1): 99-126.
Bibby, C.J.; Burgess, N.D.; Hill, D.A. & Mustoe, S. 2000. Bird Census Techniques (2nd edn.) London: Academic Press. 302 p.
BirdLife International 2004. Birds in the European Union: a status assessment. BirdLife International, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
BirdLife International. 2016. Falco tinnunculus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22696362A93556429. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016.RLTS.T22696362A93556429.en. Downloaded on 23 January 2021.
BirdLife International. 2019. Neophron percnopterus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22695180A154895845.
BirdLife International. 2020. Aquila nipalensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22696038A180479129. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020.RLTS.T22696038A180479129.en. Downloaded on 23 January 2021.
Bougain, C. 2016. Identification of important migration concentration areas of Egyptian vultures Neophron percnopterus from the Balkan population tracked by satellite telemetry. Training report. LIFE10 NAT/BG /000152.
Dobrev, V.; Boev, Z.; Oppel, S.; Arkumarev, V.; Dobrev, D.; Kret, E.; Vavylis, D.; Saravia, V.; Bounas, A. & Nikolov, S. 2015. Diet of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Bulgaria and Greece (2005-2013). Technical Report Under Action A5 of the LIFE+ project “The Return of the Neophron” (LIFE10 NAT/BG/000152). BSPB, Sofia. 28 p.
Donázar, J. A.; Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Fargallo, A.; Margalida, J.; Moleón, A.; Morales REYES, M.; Moreno-Opo, Z.; Pérez-García, R.; Sánchez-zapata, J.M.; Zuberogoitia J.A.; & Serrano, I.D. 2016. Roles of raptors in changing world: From flashing ships to provider’s key ecosystem services. Ardeola 63(1): 181-234.
Eccleston, D. & Harness, E. 2018. Raptor Electrocutions and Power Line Collisions. In: J. Sarasola, J. Grande, J. Negro (eds.), Birds of Prey. Springer, Cham. 522 p.
Falk, K.; Møller, S.; Rigét, F.F.; Sørensen, P.B. & Vorkamp, K. 2018. Raptors are still affected by environmental pollutants: Greenlandic Peregrines will not have normal eggshell thickness until 2034, Ornis Hungarica 26(2): 171-176.
García-Ripollés, C. & López-López, P. 2006. Population size and breeding performance of Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) in Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Raptor Research 40(3): 217-221.
Hatem, A.; Abou Turab, M. & Abdul-Zahra, H.B. 2021. A survey of chewing lice of some raptors in southern Iraq, with remarks on prevalence and occurrence. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126717.1365. (In Press)
Kouba, M.; Bartoš, L.; Bartošová, J.; Bartošová, J.; Hongisto, K. & Korpimäki, E. 2020. Interactive influences of fluctuations of main food resources and climate change on long-term population decline of Tengmalm’s owls in the boreal forest. Scientific Reports 10(1): 1-14.
Liberatori, F. & Penteriani, V. 2001. A long-term analysis of the declining population of the Egyptian vulture in the Italian peninsula: distribution, habitat preference, productivity and conservation implications. Biological Conservation 10: 1381-389.
McClure, C.J. & Rolek, B.W. 2020. Relative conservation status of bird orders with special attention to raptors. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8: 420
McClure, C.; Johnson, J. Schulwitz, J.; Virani, S.; Davies, M.; Symes, R.; Wheatley, A.H.; Thorstrom, R.; Amar, A.; Buij, R.; Jones, V., Williams, N.; Buechley, E. & Butchart, S. 2018. State of the world's raptors: Distributions, threats, and conservation recommendations. Biological Conservation 227: 390-402.
Nikolov, S.C.; Barov, B.; Bowden, C. & Williams, N. P. 2016. Flyway action plan for the conservation of the Balkan and Central Asian populations of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus (EVFAP). BSPB Conservation Series No. 32, Sofia, CMS Raptors MoU Technical Publication No. 4, Abu Dhabi. 124 p.
Raza, H.; Fadhel, O.; Ararat, K.; Haba, M. & Salim, M. 2011. Key biodiversity areas project report. Animal and bird trade & hunting in Iraq. Nature Iraq & Iraqi Ministry of Environment. Publication No: NI-0711-01
Safford, R.; Andevski, J.; Botha, A.; Bowden, C.; Crockford, N.; Garbett, R.; Margalida, A.; Ramírez, I.; Shobrak, M.; Tavares, J. & Williams, N. 2019. Vulture conservation: the case for urgent action. Bird Conservation International 29: 1-9.
Şen, B. 2012. Breeding ecology of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Beypazari. A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science of Middle East Technical University.
Sutherland, W.; Newton, I. & Green, R. 2008. Bird Ecology and Conservation. A hand book of techniques. United States, Oxford University Press. 385 p.
Väli, Ü.; Elts, J. & Pehlak, H. 2018. Are common bird monitoring schemes andopportunistic observations appropriate for estimating raptor trends? Bird Study 65(sup1): S35-S42.
Wacher, T.; Newby, J.; Houdou, I.; Harouna, A. & Rabeil, T. 2013. Vulture observations in the Sahelian zones of Chad and Niger. Bull ABC 20: 286-199.