Main Article Content
Abstract
Intestinal parasites are important health problem for diabetics. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the prevalence of intestinal parasites in individuals suffering from this disease. The current study was conducted during February 2020 to April 2021 to study the prevalence of intestinal parasites in diabetic patients in the province of Najaf, Iraq. A total of 372 samples were examined, which were 137 samples were positive for intestinal parasites in diabetic patients. The most common intestinal parasite in diabetic patients was Entameaba hitolitica with proportion of 34.3%, and the age group most affected by intestinal parasites in diabetes was 6-40 years. The results showed a significant higher infection in females (57.6%). The results also showed that the prevalence of intestinal parasites among diabetics is high in people who lived in rural areas (70%) (P<0.05). The current study included the correlation of age, sex, and residence with the prevalence of parasites in patients with diabetes, due to the scarcity of information on the prevalence and type of infection with pathogenic intestinal parasites in diabetics.
Keywords
Intestinal parasite
Diabetes
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lamblia.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
AL-MOUSAWI, A. hussein, & NEAMAH, B. A. H. (2021). A study on intestinal parasites among diabetic patients in Najaf governorate of Iraq and its effect on some blood parameters. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 127–132. Retrieved from http://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/010017
References
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Adam, A.A.; Mohamed, E.O. & Abdullah, M.A. 2007. Cryptosporidiosis among patient with diarrhea with diarrhea attending Nylala hospital. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences 2(1): 41-44.
Adday, L. 2009. Hematological test in Patients with intestinal Paraites in Al-Hashimiah village Al-Kufa. Journal for Biology Al-Kufa University 1(1): 145-148.
Agrawal, P.K.; Rai, S.K.; Khanal, L.K.; Ghimire, G.; Banjara, M.R. & Singh, A. 2012. Intestinal parasitic infections among patients attending Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu. Nepal Medical College Journal Nepal 14(2): 80-3.
Akinbo, F.O.; Olujobi, S.O.; Omoregie, R. & Egbe, C. 2013. Intestinal parasitic infections among diabetes mellitus patients. Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine 5: 44-47.
Akinbo, F.O.; Olujobi, S.O.; Omoregie, R. & Egbe, C. 2013. Intestinal parasitic infections among diabetes mellitus patients. Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine 5(1-2): 44-47.
Arora, D.R. & Arora, B. 2010. Medical Parasitology 3^rd ed .CBS publishers & Distributors Put. Ltd., Newdelhi, India. 271.
Behm, C.A & Ovington, K.S 2000. The Role of Eosinophils in parasitic Helminthinfections: insights from genetically modified Mice. Parasitol Today 16(5): 202-209.
Bora, I.; Dutta, V.; Lyngdoh, W.V.; Khyriem, A.B.; Durairaj, E. & Phukan, A.C. 2016. Study of intestinal parasites among the immunosuppressed patients attending a tertiary-care center in Northeast India. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 5(5): 924-29.
Botero, J.H.; Castaño, A.; Montoya, M.N.; Ocampo N.E.; Hurtado M.I. & Lopera M.M. 2003. A preliminary study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients with and without gastrointestinal manifestations. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 45: 197-200.
Botero, J.H.; Castaño, A.; Montoya, M.N.; Ocampo, N. E.; Hurtado, M.I. & Lopera, M.M. 2003. A preliminary study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients with and without gastrointestinal manifestations. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 45(4): 197-200.
Cantos, G.A.; Dutra, R.L. & Koerich, J.P.K. 2004. Ocorrencia de Anemia ferropria em pacientes com Enterparasitoses Saude em Revista 10: 43-48.
Carrilho, G.F; Dacasta, G.M.; Olivi, M.J.; Vicentini, V. & Anibal, F.D.F. 2011. Anemia in Patients Withwith Intestinal Parasitic infection. Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Parasitología 70(2): 206-211.
Casimiro, A.M.; Carvalho, T.T.R. & Kanamura, H.Y. 2009. Serological evidence of Creptosporidium infections in a group of pregnant women attended by the parental routine care at a public hospital in Sao Paulo (SP). Brazil. Review Panam Infection 11: 1.
Cheesbrough, M. 2009. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. 2nd ed updated. Cambridge University Press. pp: 183-191.
Crua, A.S.; FerreiraFerreira, C.T.; Carvalho, E. & Silva, L.R. 2003. Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia em Pediatria: Diagnostico Etratamento. Rio de Janeiro. Medsi 97-185.
El-Sherbini, G.T. & Abosdera, M.M. 2013. Risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among children. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 43(1): 287-94.
Esmat, B.; Mohammad, R.; Behnam, S.; Shahrzad, M.; Soodabeh, T.; Minoo, A.S.; & Ali-Ali-Akbar, H. 2010. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among Iranian pregnant women: a systematic regnant and meta-analysis. Journal of Reproduction AND Infertility Journal of Reproduction AND Infertility 11(1): 16-24.
Gil, F.F.; Barros, M.J. & Macedo, N.A. 2013. Prevalence of intestinal parasitism and associated symptomato-logy among hemodialysis patients. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 55(2): 69-74.
Jayshree, S.; Rudrapatna, Vijay V Kumar, K. & Hema, Sridhar S. 1997. Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Patients with Malignancy. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research 71-74.
Keiser, J. & Utzinger, J. 2010. The drugs we have and the drugs we need against major helminth infections. Advances in Parasitology 73: 197-230.
Kim J.O.; Jung S.S.; Kim S.Y.; Kim T.Y.; Shine D.W.; Lee J.H. & Lee, Y.H. 2007. Inhibition of Lewis lung carcinoma growth by Parasites and Cancer. Review Parasite 19: 101-115
Kim, J.O.; Jung, S.S.; Kim, S.Y.; Kim, T.Y.; Shin, D.W.; Lee, J.H. & Lee, Y.H. 2007. Inhibition of Lewis lung carcinoma growth by Toxoplasma gondii through induction of Th1 immune responses and inhibition of angiogenesis. Journal of Korean Medical Science 22(Suppl.): S38-S46.
Nazligul, Y.; Sabuncu, T. & Ozbilge, H. 2001. Is there a predisposition to intestinal parasitosis in diabetic patients? Diabetes Care 24(8): 1503-1504.
Rahi, A.A.; Magda, A. & Al-Charrakh, A.H. 2013. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum among children in Iraq. American Journal of Life Sciences 1(6): 256-260.
Rey, L. 2001. Parasitologia: Parasitos e Doencas Parasitarias do Homeman American ena africa. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan. 856 p.
Sabah, A.A. & Temsah, A.G. (2015). Prevalence of some gastro-intestinal parasites in diabetic patients in Tana City, Gharbia governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 45(3): 681-684.
SateriaIe, A. & & Huston, C.D. 2011. AsequentiaL Model of Host Cell killing and phagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica. Journal Parasitology Research 1155-1165.
Sherpa, U.; Devi, K.M.; Bhagyapati, S.; Devi, K.S. & Singh, N.B. 2010. Opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections in individuals with HIV/AIDS in RIMS Hospital. JMS 24: 8-11.
Singh, V.; Pphukan, C. & Hazanika, N. 2015. Prevalence of intestinal coccidlan parasites in immunocompromised patients in a tertiary care center in assam. India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 67-73.
Sreedharan, A.; Jayshree, R.S. & Sridhar, H. 1996. Cryptosporidiosis among cancer patients: an observation. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Rsearch 211-213. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research 14.
Stark, J.R.; Judson, G.; Alderete, J.F.; Mundodi, V. &, Kucknoor, A.S. 2009. Prospective study of Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101(20): 1406-1411.
Stark, D.; Barratt, J.; Van Hal, S.; Marriott, D.; Harkness, J. & Ellis, J. 2009. Clinical significance of enteric protozoa in the immunosuppressed human population. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22(4): 634-650.
Tangi, F.B.; Fokam, E.B.; Longdoh, N.A. & Eteneneng, EJ. 2016. Intestinal parasites in diabetes mellitus patients in the Limbe and Buea municipalities, Cameroon. Diabetes Research Open Journal 2(1): 147-153.
Van Dam, R.M.; Boer, J.M.; Feskens, E.J. & Seidell, J.C. 2001. Parental history of diabetes modifies the association between abdominal adiposity and hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 24(8): 1454-9.
WHO – Wold Heath Organization. 2011. Cancer. Fact Sheet. 297 p.
World Health Organization. 2011. Soil-Transmitted Helminths.
References
Adam, A.A.; Mohamed, E.O. & Abdullah, M.A. 2007. Cryptosporidiosis among patient with diarrhea with diarrhea attending Nylala hospital. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences 2(1): 41-44.
Adday, L. 2009. Hematological test in Patients with intestinal Paraites in Al-Hashimiah village Al-Kufa. Journal for Biology Al-Kufa University 1(1): 145-148.
Agrawal, P.K.; Rai, S.K.; Khanal, L.K.; Ghimire, G.; Banjara, M.R. & Singh, A. 2012. Intestinal parasitic infections among patients attending Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu. Nepal Medical College Journal Nepal 14(2): 80-3.
Akinbo, F.O.; Olujobi, S.O.; Omoregie, R. & Egbe, C. 2013. Intestinal parasitic infections among diabetes mellitus patients. Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine 5: 44-47.
Akinbo, F.O.; Olujobi, S.O.; Omoregie, R. & Egbe, C. 2013. Intestinal parasitic infections among diabetes mellitus patients. Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine 5(1-2): 44-47.
Arora, D.R. & Arora, B. 2010. Medical Parasitology 3^rd ed .CBS publishers & Distributors Put. Ltd., Newdelhi, India. 271.
Behm, C.A & Ovington, K.S 2000. The Role of Eosinophils in parasitic Helminthinfections: insights from genetically modified Mice. Parasitol Today 16(5): 202-209.
Bora, I.; Dutta, V.; Lyngdoh, W.V.; Khyriem, A.B.; Durairaj, E. & Phukan, A.C. 2016. Study of intestinal parasites among the immunosuppressed patients attending a tertiary-care center in Northeast India. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 5(5): 924-29.
Botero, J.H.; Castaño, A.; Montoya, M.N.; Ocampo N.E.; Hurtado M.I. & Lopera M.M. 2003. A preliminary study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients with and without gastrointestinal manifestations. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 45: 197-200.
Botero, J.H.; Castaño, A.; Montoya, M.N.; Ocampo, N. E.; Hurtado, M.I. & Lopera, M.M. 2003. A preliminary study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients with and without gastrointestinal manifestations. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 45(4): 197-200.
Cantos, G.A.; Dutra, R.L. & Koerich, J.P.K. 2004. Ocorrencia de Anemia ferropria em pacientes com Enterparasitoses Saude em Revista 10: 43-48.
Carrilho, G.F; Dacasta, G.M.; Olivi, M.J.; Vicentini, V. & Anibal, F.D.F. 2011. Anemia in Patients Withwith Intestinal Parasitic infection. Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Parasitología 70(2): 206-211.
Casimiro, A.M.; Carvalho, T.T.R. & Kanamura, H.Y. 2009. Serological evidence of Creptosporidium infections in a group of pregnant women attended by the parental routine care at a public hospital in Sao Paulo (SP). Brazil. Review Panam Infection 11: 1.
Cheesbrough, M. 2009. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. 2nd ed updated. Cambridge University Press. pp: 183-191.
Crua, A.S.; FerreiraFerreira, C.T.; Carvalho, E. & Silva, L.R. 2003. Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia em Pediatria: Diagnostico Etratamento. Rio de Janeiro. Medsi 97-185.
El-Sherbini, G.T. & Abosdera, M.M. 2013. Risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among children. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 43(1): 287-94.
Esmat, B.; Mohammad, R.; Behnam, S.; Shahrzad, M.; Soodabeh, T.; Minoo, A.S.; & Ali-Ali-Akbar, H. 2010. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among Iranian pregnant women: a systematic regnant and meta-analysis. Journal of Reproduction AND Infertility Journal of Reproduction AND Infertility 11(1): 16-24.
Gil, F.F.; Barros, M.J. & Macedo, N.A. 2013. Prevalence of intestinal parasitism and associated symptomato-logy among hemodialysis patients. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 55(2): 69-74.
Jayshree, S.; Rudrapatna, Vijay V Kumar, K. & Hema, Sridhar S. 1997. Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Patients with Malignancy. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research 71-74.
Keiser, J. & Utzinger, J. 2010. The drugs we have and the drugs we need against major helminth infections. Advances in Parasitology 73: 197-230.
Kim J.O.; Jung S.S.; Kim S.Y.; Kim T.Y.; Shine D.W.; Lee J.H. & Lee, Y.H. 2007. Inhibition of Lewis lung carcinoma growth by Parasites and Cancer. Review Parasite 19: 101-115
Kim, J.O.; Jung, S.S.; Kim, S.Y.; Kim, T.Y.; Shin, D.W.; Lee, J.H. & Lee, Y.H. 2007. Inhibition of Lewis lung carcinoma growth by Toxoplasma gondii through induction of Th1 immune responses and inhibition of angiogenesis. Journal of Korean Medical Science 22(Suppl.): S38-S46.
Nazligul, Y.; Sabuncu, T. & Ozbilge, H. 2001. Is there a predisposition to intestinal parasitosis in diabetic patients? Diabetes Care 24(8): 1503-1504.
Rahi, A.A.; Magda, A. & Al-Charrakh, A.H. 2013. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum among children in Iraq. American Journal of Life Sciences 1(6): 256-260.
Rey, L. 2001. Parasitologia: Parasitos e Doencas Parasitarias do Homeman American ena africa. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan. 856 p.
Sabah, A.A. & Temsah, A.G. (2015). Prevalence of some gastro-intestinal parasites in diabetic patients in Tana City, Gharbia governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 45(3): 681-684.
SateriaIe, A. & & Huston, C.D. 2011. AsequentiaL Model of Host Cell killing and phagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica. Journal Parasitology Research 1155-1165.
Sherpa, U.; Devi, K.M.; Bhagyapati, S.; Devi, K.S. & Singh, N.B. 2010. Opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections in individuals with HIV/AIDS in RIMS Hospital. JMS 24: 8-11.
Singh, V.; Pphukan, C. & Hazanika, N. 2015. Prevalence of intestinal coccidlan parasites in immunocompromised patients in a tertiary care center in assam. India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 67-73.
Sreedharan, A.; Jayshree, R.S. & Sridhar, H. 1996. Cryptosporidiosis among cancer patients: an observation. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Rsearch 211-213. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research 14.
Stark, J.R.; Judson, G.; Alderete, J.F.; Mundodi, V. &, Kucknoor, A.S. 2009. Prospective study of Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101(20): 1406-1411.
Stark, D.; Barratt, J.; Van Hal, S.; Marriott, D.; Harkness, J. & Ellis, J. 2009. Clinical significance of enteric protozoa in the immunosuppressed human population. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22(4): 634-650.
Tangi, F.B.; Fokam, E.B.; Longdoh, N.A. & Eteneneng, EJ. 2016. Intestinal parasites in diabetes mellitus patients in the Limbe and Buea municipalities, Cameroon. Diabetes Research Open Journal 2(1): 147-153.
Van Dam, R.M.; Boer, J.M.; Feskens, E.J. & Seidell, J.C. 2001. Parental history of diabetes modifies the association between abdominal adiposity and hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 24(8): 1454-9.
WHO – Wold Heath Organization. 2011. Cancer. Fact Sheet. 297 p.
World Health Organization. 2011. Soil-Transmitted Helminths.
Adday, L. 2009. Hematological test in Patients with intestinal Paraites in Al-Hashimiah village Al-Kufa. Journal for Biology Al-Kufa University 1(1): 145-148.
Agrawal, P.K.; Rai, S.K.; Khanal, L.K.; Ghimire, G.; Banjara, M.R. & Singh, A. 2012. Intestinal parasitic infections among patients attending Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu. Nepal Medical College Journal Nepal 14(2): 80-3.
Akinbo, F.O.; Olujobi, S.O.; Omoregie, R. & Egbe, C. 2013. Intestinal parasitic infections among diabetes mellitus patients. Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine 5: 44-47.
Akinbo, F.O.; Olujobi, S.O.; Omoregie, R. & Egbe, C. 2013. Intestinal parasitic infections among diabetes mellitus patients. Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine 5(1-2): 44-47.
Arora, D.R. & Arora, B. 2010. Medical Parasitology 3^rd ed .CBS publishers & Distributors Put. Ltd., Newdelhi, India. 271.
Behm, C.A & Ovington, K.S 2000. The Role of Eosinophils in parasitic Helminthinfections: insights from genetically modified Mice. Parasitol Today 16(5): 202-209.
Bora, I.; Dutta, V.; Lyngdoh, W.V.; Khyriem, A.B.; Durairaj, E. & Phukan, A.C. 2016. Study of intestinal parasites among the immunosuppressed patients attending a tertiary-care center in Northeast India. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 5(5): 924-29.
Botero, J.H.; Castaño, A.; Montoya, M.N.; Ocampo N.E.; Hurtado M.I. & Lopera M.M. 2003. A preliminary study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients with and without gastrointestinal manifestations. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 45: 197-200.
Botero, J.H.; Castaño, A.; Montoya, M.N.; Ocampo, N. E.; Hurtado, M.I. & Lopera, M.M. 2003. A preliminary study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients with and without gastrointestinal manifestations. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 45(4): 197-200.
Cantos, G.A.; Dutra, R.L. & Koerich, J.P.K. 2004. Ocorrencia de Anemia ferropria em pacientes com Enterparasitoses Saude em Revista 10: 43-48.
Carrilho, G.F; Dacasta, G.M.; Olivi, M.J.; Vicentini, V. & Anibal, F.D.F. 2011. Anemia in Patients Withwith Intestinal Parasitic infection. Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Parasitología 70(2): 206-211.
Casimiro, A.M.; Carvalho, T.T.R. & Kanamura, H.Y. 2009. Serological evidence of Creptosporidium infections in a group of pregnant women attended by the parental routine care at a public hospital in Sao Paulo (SP). Brazil. Review Panam Infection 11: 1.
Cheesbrough, M. 2009. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. 2nd ed updated. Cambridge University Press. pp: 183-191.
Crua, A.S.; FerreiraFerreira, C.T.; Carvalho, E. & Silva, L.R. 2003. Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia em Pediatria: Diagnostico Etratamento. Rio de Janeiro. Medsi 97-185.
El-Sherbini, G.T. & Abosdera, M.M. 2013. Risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among children. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 43(1): 287-94.
Esmat, B.; Mohammad, R.; Behnam, S.; Shahrzad, M.; Soodabeh, T.; Minoo, A.S.; & Ali-Ali-Akbar, H. 2010. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among Iranian pregnant women: a systematic regnant and meta-analysis. Journal of Reproduction AND Infertility Journal of Reproduction AND Infertility 11(1): 16-24.
Gil, F.F.; Barros, M.J. & Macedo, N.A. 2013. Prevalence of intestinal parasitism and associated symptomato-logy among hemodialysis patients. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 55(2): 69-74.
Jayshree, S.; Rudrapatna, Vijay V Kumar, K. & Hema, Sridhar S. 1997. Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Patients with Malignancy. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research 71-74.
Keiser, J. & Utzinger, J. 2010. The drugs we have and the drugs we need against major helminth infections. Advances in Parasitology 73: 197-230.
Kim J.O.; Jung S.S.; Kim S.Y.; Kim T.Y.; Shine D.W.; Lee J.H. & Lee, Y.H. 2007. Inhibition of Lewis lung carcinoma growth by Parasites and Cancer. Review Parasite 19: 101-115
Kim, J.O.; Jung, S.S.; Kim, S.Y.; Kim, T.Y.; Shin, D.W.; Lee, J.H. & Lee, Y.H. 2007. Inhibition of Lewis lung carcinoma growth by Toxoplasma gondii through induction of Th1 immune responses and inhibition of angiogenesis. Journal of Korean Medical Science 22(Suppl.): S38-S46.
Nazligul, Y.; Sabuncu, T. & Ozbilge, H. 2001. Is there a predisposition to intestinal parasitosis in diabetic patients? Diabetes Care 24(8): 1503-1504.
Rahi, A.A.; Magda, A. & Al-Charrakh, A.H. 2013. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum among children in Iraq. American Journal of Life Sciences 1(6): 256-260.
Rey, L. 2001. Parasitologia: Parasitos e Doencas Parasitarias do Homeman American ena africa. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan. 856 p.
Sabah, A.A. & Temsah, A.G. (2015). Prevalence of some gastro-intestinal parasites in diabetic patients in Tana City, Gharbia governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 45(3): 681-684.
SateriaIe, A. & & Huston, C.D. 2011. AsequentiaL Model of Host Cell killing and phagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica. Journal Parasitology Research 1155-1165.
Sherpa, U.; Devi, K.M.; Bhagyapati, S.; Devi, K.S. & Singh, N.B. 2010. Opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections in individuals with HIV/AIDS in RIMS Hospital. JMS 24: 8-11.
Singh, V.; Pphukan, C. & Hazanika, N. 2015. Prevalence of intestinal coccidlan parasites in immunocompromised patients in a tertiary care center in assam. India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 67-73.
Sreedharan, A.; Jayshree, R.S. & Sridhar, H. 1996. Cryptosporidiosis among cancer patients: an observation. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Rsearch 211-213. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research 14.
Stark, J.R.; Judson, G.; Alderete, J.F.; Mundodi, V. &, Kucknoor, A.S. 2009. Prospective study of Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101(20): 1406-1411.
Stark, D.; Barratt, J.; Van Hal, S.; Marriott, D.; Harkness, J. & Ellis, J. 2009. Clinical significance of enteric protozoa in the immunosuppressed human population. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22(4): 634-650.
Tangi, F.B.; Fokam, E.B.; Longdoh, N.A. & Eteneneng, EJ. 2016. Intestinal parasites in diabetes mellitus patients in the Limbe and Buea municipalities, Cameroon. Diabetes Research Open Journal 2(1): 147-153.
Van Dam, R.M.; Boer, J.M.; Feskens, E.J. & Seidell, J.C. 2001. Parental history of diabetes modifies the association between abdominal adiposity and hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 24(8): 1454-9.
WHO – Wold Heath Organization. 2011. Cancer. Fact Sheet. 297 p.
World Health Organization. 2011. Soil-Transmitted Helminths.